Baré language
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|
| Baré | |
|---|---|
| Barawana, Mitua | |
| Native to | Venezuela, Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Baré people |
Native speakers | 2 (2012)[1] |
Arawakan
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| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bae |
| Glottolog | bare1276 |
| ELP | Baré |
Baré (Barawana) is a nearly extinct Arawakan language of Venezuela and Brazil. It is spoken by two of the Baré people, as of 2012.[1] Aikhenvald (1999) reports "just a few old speakers left" of Baré.[3] Kaufman (1994) considers Baré proper, Guinau, and Marawá (now extinct) to be distinct languages; Aikhenvald, dialects of a single language. (Marawá is not the same language as Marawán.) According to a Baré speaker, the Mandawaca language was mutually intelligible with Baré.[2] Two principal subdivisions are recognized, Ihini 'the ones from there' and Arihini 'the ones from here'.
Baré is a generic name for a number of Arawakan languages in the area, including Mandahuaca, Guarequena, Baniwa, and Piapoco. Barawana is the language given this name in Kaufman, Aikhenvald, and Ethnologue. It is also known as Ibini (a typo for Ihini ~ Arihini?) and Mitua.
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]Vowels can come in three forms; oral, nasal, and voiceless:
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | oral | i | u | |
| nasal | ĩ | ũ | ||
| voiceless | i̥ | u̥ | ||
| Mid | oral | e | ||
| nasal | ẽ | |||
| voiceless | e̥ | |||
| Open | oral | a | ||
| nasal | ã | |||
| voiceless | ḁ | |||
- Vowel sounds /a ã ḁ/, /e ẽ e̥/, and /u ũ u̥/ are heard as [ɵ ɵ̃ ɵ̥], [ɛ ɛ̃ ɛ̥], and [o õ o̥] when in unstressed position.
- /a/ is heard as a back sound [ɑ] when after /w/.
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | (g) | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Sonorant | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | j̊ | w̥ | |
| voiced | m | n | j | w | ||
- Sounds /t, n/ are realized as dentalized and palatal [t̪] [ɲ] before and after /i/.
- /d/ is realized as an affricate [d͡ʒ] before front vowels.
- /ɾ/ can tend to fluctuate to a velarized [ɫ] in free variation.[4]
- Voiceless sonorants are treated as aspirated in Aikhenvald (1995), which does not recgonize /j̊/.[2]
- Aikhenvald (1995) also reports /g/, only found in loanwords.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Crevels, Mily (2012-01-13), Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (eds.), "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking", The Indigenous Languages of South America, DE GRUYTER, pp. 167–234, doi:10.1515/9783110258035.167, ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3, retrieved 2025-11-03
- ^ a b c d Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡ (1995). Bare. Languages of the world/materials 100. München; Newcastle: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-050-8.
- ^ Dixon, R. M. W., ed. (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge language surveys (1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
- ^ Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane (1993). Uma descrição do Baré (Arawak): Aspectos fonológicos e gramaticais [A description of Bare (Arawak): phonological and grammatical aspects] (Master's thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
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