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Jimmy Cliff

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The Honourable
Jimmy Cliff
OM
Cliff performing in 2012
Cliff performing in 2012
Background information
Born
James Chambers

(1944-07-30)30 July 1944
St. James, Colony of Jamaica
Died24 November 2025(2025-11-24) (aged 81)
Kingston, Jamaica
Genres
Occupations
  • Singer
  • musician
  • songwriter
Instruments
Years active1962–2025
Labels
Websitejimmycliff.com

James Chambers (30 July 1944 – 24 November 2025), known professionally as Jimmy Cliff, was a Jamaican ska, rocksteady, reggae and soul musician. He was considered to be one of Jamaica's most celebrated musicians and was credited with helping to popularise reggae music internationally. At the time of his death he was the 4th reggae musician to hold the Order of Merit, the highest honour granted by the Jamaican government for achievements in the arts and sciences. He was also nominated seven times for the Grammy Awards, winning twice.

Cliff starred in The Harder They Come (1972), the first major commercial film from Jamaica. The soundtrack helped to make reggae widely known.[2] He was known for such songs as "Many Rivers to Cross", "If I Follow My Mind", "You Can Get It If You Really Want", "The Harder They Come", "Reggae Night", and his covers of Cat Stevens's "Wild World", Johnny Nash's "I Can See Clearly Now" (from the Cool Runnings soundtrack) and "Hakuna Matata". Cliff was one of five performers inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. He is one of only two Jamaicans in the Hall of Fame, the other being Bob Marley.

Jimmy Cliff made deliberate, multifaceted efforts to reach across cultural and racial lines and appeal to a mainstream audience. He pursued strategic record deals that gave him access to the primarily white UK market,[3] covered well-known pop and rock songs such as Cat Stevens' "Wild World", which reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart in 1970,[4] and placed his music in popular films including the 1988 hit Cocktail, which featured his song "Shelter of Your Love".[5] Through these efforts Cliff reached a broader global audience while remaining true to his reggae roots, and was widely credited with helping to popularize reggae worldwide.[6][7]

Early life and education

[edit]

Jimmy Cliff was born James Chambers on 30 July 1944 in Saint James, Colony of Jamaica, the second youngest of nine children.[8][9][10] He began writing songs while still at primary school in St. James, listening to a neighbour's sound system. When he was 14 years old his father took him to Kingston, where he adopted the stage name Jimmy Cliff,[11] "an allusion to the career heights he hoped to scale."[2]

Career

[edit]

1960s and 1970s

[edit]

Cliff sought out producers while he was still at school, trying without success to get his songs recorded, and he entered talent contests. "One night I was walking past a record store and restaurant as they were closing, pushed myself in and convinced one of them, Leslie Kong, to go into the recording business, starting with me", Cliff wrote in his own website biography.[12] After two singles that failed to make much impression, his career took off when "Hurricane Hattie" became a hit when he was 17.[13] The record was produced by Kong, with whom Cliff remained until Kong's death from a heart attack in 1971.[14]

Cliff's later local hit singles included "King of Kings", "Dearest Beverley", "Miss Jamaica", and "Pride and Passion". In 1964 he was chosen as one of Jamaica's representatives at the 1964 New York World's Fair. That same year Cliff was featured in a program called This is Ska! alongside Prince Buster, Toots and the Maytals, and Byron Lee and the Dragonaires.[15]

He signed to Island Records and moved to the United Kingdom.[13] Island Records initially (and unsuccessfully) tried to sell Cliff to the rock audience. His career took off in the late 1960s[16] and his international debut album, Hard Road to Travel, was released in 1967. It received excellent reviews and included "Waterfall" (composed by Nirvana's Alex Spyropoulos and Patrick Campbell-Lyons), which became a hit in Brazil and won the International Song Festival.[13]

"Waterfall" was followed in 1969 by "Wonderful World, Beautiful People" and "Vietnam" in 1970, both popular throughout most of the world. He released "Many Rivers to Cross" about his struggles with the music industry in 1969. The song was covered by many other artists including Cher, UB40, and John Lennon.[17] Cliff also released a cover of Cat Stevens's "Wild World" as a single.[18]

In 1972, Cliff starred as Vincent "Ivanhoe" Martin (known as Rhyging) in Perry Henzell's classic reggae film The Harder They Come.[19] As the film tells Martin's story, he is a young man without funds. Arriving in Kingston from the country, he tries to make it in the recording business but without success. Eventually he turns to a life of crime. The soundtrack album sold well around the world, bringing reggae to an international audience for the first time.[20] When it was released the film broke box office records in Jamaica[17] and remains one of the most internationally significant films to have come out of Jamaica since the nation's independence from the United Kingdom. The film made its debut at London's Gaumont cinema in Notting Hill on 1 September 1972.[20] Paul Simon recorded "Mother and Child Reunion" with Cliff's backing band.[17]

In 1976, Cliff sang on the first season of Saturday Night Live, episode 12, hosted by Dick Cavett. After a series of albums, Cliff took a break and travelled to Africa. The Nigeria-based Jamaican writer Lindsay Barrett was instrumental in his first trip there[21] and subsequently converted to Islam, taking the name of El Hadj Naïm Bachir.[22][23]

1980s and 1990s

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Cliff returned to music and toured for several years before recording with Kool & the Gang. He had a big hit with "Reggae Night" in 1983. In 1984 heappeared at the Pinkpop Festival in Landgraaf, Netherlands. During The River Tour, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band added Cliff's previously little-known song "Trapped" to their live set. It achieved greater prominence when it was included on 1985's We Are the World benefit album.[24] The follow-up, Cliff Hanger (1985), won a Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album. It was his last major success in the United States until 1993. Also in 1985, Cliff contributed to the song "Sun City", a protest song written and composed by Steven Van Zandt and recorded by Artists United Against Apartheid to express opposition to the South African policy of apartheid.[25]

Cliff provided backing vocals on The Rolling Stones' 1986 album Dirty Work. He co-starred in the comedy Club Paradise with Robin Williams and Peter O'Toole[26] and contributed several songs to the soundtrack, duetting with Elvis Costello on "Seven Day Weekend". Cliff toured North America with Steve Winwood for two months as the opening act during August–October 1986.[27] His song "Shelter of Your Love" was featured in the 1988 film Cocktail.[28]

Cliff appeared in the film Marked for Death in 1990, performing "John Crow" with the Jimmy Cliff Band.[29] His recording of "You Can Get It If You Really Want" was used as a campaign anthem by the Sandinista National Liberation Front in the 1990 election in Nicaragua.[30] In 1991, he performed at the second Rock in Rio festival in Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He continued to sell well in Jamaica and to a lesser extent in the UK, returning to the mainstream pop charts in the US and elsewhere (#1 in France) with a version of Johnny Nash's "I Can See Clearly Now" on the Cool Runnings soundtrack in 1993.[31] In 1995 Cliff released a collaboration with Lebo M, the single "Hakuna Matata", a song from the soundtrack of The Lion King.[32]

2000 to 2025

[edit]
Cliff performing in Bildein, Austria, 2012

In 2001, Cliff became an inaugural member of the Independent Music Awards' judging panel to support independent artists.[33] In 2002 he released the album Fantastic Plastic People in Europe, after first providing free downloads using p2p software.[34] This album featured collaborations with Joe Strummer, Annie Lennox, and Sting, as well as new songs that were reminiscent of Cliff's original hits. In 2004, Cliff completely reworked the songs, dropping the reggae in favour of an electronic sound, for inclusion in Black Magic. The album also included a recording of "Over the Border" with Strummer. Cliff performed at the closing ceremony to the 2002 Commonwealth Games. In 2003, "You Can Get It If You Really Want" was included in the soundtrack to the film Something's Gotta Give. He appeared in July 2003 at the Paléo Festival in Nyon, Switzerland. The Jamaican government under P. J. Patterson honoured Cliff on 20 October 2003 by awarding him The Order of Merit, the nation's fourth-highest honour, in recognition of his contributions to the film and music of Jamaica.[24]

Cliff performed at the opening ceremony of the 2007 Cricket World Cup. That year, "You Can Get It If You Really Want" was adopted by the British Conservative Party during their annual conference.[30] He was quoted in The Independent as saying: "One of my band mates called me this morning to tell me the news. I can't stop them using the song, but I'm not a supporter of politics. I have heard of Cameron, but I'm not a supporter. I don't support any politician. I just believe in right or wrong."[30]

In September 2009, Cliff was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, following a campaign on his behalf by the American Charles Earle.[35] Cliff reacted to the news by saying, "This is good for Cliff, good for Jamaican music and good for my country." On 15 December 2009, he was announced as an inductee and was inducted on 15 March 2010 by Wyclef Jean.[36] Cliff is one of only two Jamaicans in the Hall of Fame, the other being Bob Marley.[37] In the spring and summer of 2010 he embarked on an extensive tour of the U.S. and Canada.

Cliff performing at Raggamuffin Music Festival

Cliff appeared in the 2011 documentary Reggae Got Soul: The Story of Toots and the Maytals, which was featured on BBC.[38][39][40] In 2011, Cliff worked with producer Tim Armstrong, lead singer of American punk band Rancid, on the EP The Sacred Fire[41] and the full-length album Rebirth.[42] Rebirth won a Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album.[43] The album was listed at number 12 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the top 50 albums of 2012 with the description: "There's ska, rock steady, roots reggae, a revelatory cover of The Clash's 'Guns of Brixton' delivered in Cliff's trademark soulful tenor, grittier but still lovely more than 40 years after his debut."[44]

In December 2012, Cliff was named Artist of the Year by digital newspaper Caribbean Journal, citing his work on Rebirth.[45] In August 2022, Cliff released the album Refugees.[46]

Personal life and death

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Cliff was briefly a member of the Rastafari movement before converting to Islam from Christianity.[47] In a 2013 interview he said he had a "universal outlook on life" and did not align himself with any particular movement or religion,[47][48] adding, "now I believe in science".[47] Cliff was married and had several children. From a relationship with the British film director Bluette Abrahams he fathered a daughter, Odessa Chambers.[49] From his marriage to Latifa Chambers, a daughter Lilty and son Aken.[24] In 1992 he became the father to the Brazilian actress/singer Nabiyah Be through a relationship with the psychologist Sônia Gomes.[50][51]

On 24 November 2025, Cliff's wife announced that he had died that morning from pneumonia. He had been hospitalised following a seizure. Cliff was 81.[52][53] Prime Minister Andrew Holness, in a public statement after his death, said that Cliff's music "lifted people through hard times, inspired generations, and helped to shape the global respect that Jamaica enjoys today."[37]

Legacy

[edit]
Cliff performing in 1997

Cliff was considered one of Jamaica's most celebrated musicians and is credited with having helped to popularise reggae internationally.[17][54][55] He was briefly described as rivalling Bob Marley as the most prominent musician in the genre.[56] Writing for The Guardian, David Katz called him an "itinerant ambassador who introduced the music and culture of his island to audiences across the globe",[17] and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's website described him as "reggae's first champion".[55] Bob Dylan called "Vietnam" the best protest song he had ever heard.[12] Cliff was nominated for the Grammy Awards seven times and won twice, both wins being for Best Reggae Album.[37][57] He also received the Order of Merit, the country's highest honor for the arts and sciences.[58]

Cliff's role in The Harder They Come received praise[57] and the film's soundtrack was credited with spreading reggae music's influence outside of Jamaica.[37][54][58] The film was also the first major commercial film release from the country.[56] The Grammy Awards, in an appraisal of the soundtrack fifty years after the film's release, wrote that his performance was "riveting and authentic", while recognizing that parts of the film were based on things Cliff had personally seen.[57] In 2020, the soundtrack was added to the United States Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.[59] Cliff recalled, "When someone comes up to me and says, 'I was a dropout in school and I heard your song "You Can Get It If You Really Want", and that song made me go back to school, and now I am a teacher and I use your song with my students' — that, for me, is a big success."[2]

Discography

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This is a list of Cliff's main albums, compilations and singles.[60]

Albums

[edit]
Year Title Peak positions Certification
FRA
[61] 		NLD
[62] 		NZ
[63] 		SWE
[64] 		SWI
[65] 		UK
[66] 		US
[67] 		US
Reggae
[67]
1967 Hard Road to Travel[A] — — — — — — — —
1968 Jimmy Cliff in Brazil[B] — — — — — — — —
1969 Jimmy Cliff[C] — — — — — — — —
1971 Goodbye Yesterday[D] — — — — — — — —
Another Cycle — — — — — — — —
1972 The Harder They Come — — — 5 — — 140 —
1973 Unlimited[E] — — — — — — — —
Struggling Man[F] — — — — — — — —
1974 Music Maker[G] — — — — — — — —
1975 Brave Warrior — — — — — — — —
Follow My Mind — — — — — — 195 —
1978 Give Thankx — — — — — — — —
1980 I Am the Living — — — — — — — —
1981 Give the People What They Want — — — — — — — —
1982 Special — 29 — — — — 186 —
1983 The Power and the Glory 17 29 25 — — — — —
1985 Cliff Hanger — — — — — — — —
1987 Hanging Fire — — — — — — — —
Shout for Freedom — — — — — — — —
1989 Images — — — — — — — —
1992 Breakout[H] — — — — — — — —
1996 Higher & Higher[I] 8 — — — — — — —
1998 Journey of a Lifetime — — — — — — — —
1999 Humanitarian — — — — — — — —
2002 Fantastic Plastic People — — — — — — — —
2004 Black Magic 139 — — — — — — 11
2012 Rebirth — — — — 71 83 76 1
2022 Refugees — — — — — — — —

Notes

  • A. ^ Hard Road to Travel was released as Can't Get Enough of It in Jamaica in 1968 with minor changes in track listing.
  • B. ^ Jimmy Cliff in Brazil consisted of new recordings as well as songs from Hard Road to Travel and Can't Get Enough of It. It was re-released in 1994.
  • C. ^ Jimmy Cliff was released as Wonderful World, Beautiful People in the US in 1970.
  • D. ^ Goodbye Yesterday was released as Two Worlds in Jamaica with minor changes in track listing.
  • E. ^ Unlimited was re-released as The King of Reggae in 1976.
  • F. ^ Struggling Man consisted of new recordings as well as songs from Wild World.
  • G. ^ Music Maker was released as House of Exile in some territories.
  • H. ^ Breakout was re-released as Samba Reggae in some territories in 1999 with minor changes in track listing.
  • I. ^ Higher & Higher consists of new recordings as well as previously released material.

Compilations and live albums

[edit]
Cliff performing at Raggamuffin Music Festival
Year Title Peak positions Certification
BEL
(Wa)
[69] 		FRA
[61] 		GER
[70] 		SWE
[64] 		US
Reggae
[67]
1975 The Best of Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
Pop Chronik — — — — —
1976 In Concert: The Best of Jimmy Cliff — — — 21 —
1979 Oh Jamaica — — — — —
1981 Collection — — — — —
1982 Reggae Nights: The Best of Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
1985 Reggae Greats — — — — —
1987 Fundamental Reggay — — — — —
1988 The Best Of — 7 — — —
1994 Gold Collection — — — — —
1995 Reggae Classics: The Very Best of Jimmy Cliff 47 — 57 — —
Many Rivers to Cross — — — — —
Definitive Collection — — — — —
Reggae Man — — — — —
Vol. 2 — — — — —
1996 Best of Jimmy Cliff[J] — — — — —
1997 Super Hits — — — — —
Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
100% Pure Reggae — — — — —
1999 Ultimate Collection — — — — 8
Millenium Collection — — — — —
Wonderful World Beautiful People — — — — —
2000 Simply the Best — — — — —
Super Best — — — — —
Wanted — — — — —
The Messenger: The Very Best of Reggae's Original Soul Star — — — — —
Wonderful World — — — — —
2001 Les Indispensables de Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
2002 We All Are One: The Best of Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
2003 Many Rivers to Cross: The Best of Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
Anthology — — — — —
Island Reggae Classics — — — — —
2004 20th Century Masters — — — — —
Reggae Night — — — — —
This Is Crucial Reggae — — — — —
The EMI Years 1973–1975 — — — — —
Timeless Hits — — — — —
2005 The Harder They Come: The Definitive Collection — — — — —
2006 The Essential Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
The Very Best of Jimmy Cliff & Peter Tosh[J] — — — — —
The Harder They Come: The Early Years 1962–1972 — — — — —
Better Days Are Coming: The A&M Years 1969–1971 — — — — —
2008 King of Kings: The Very Best of Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
Reggae Legends — — — — —
2010 Harder Road to Travel: The Collection — — — — —
2013 Jimmy Cliff — — — — —
The KCRW Session — — — — 4
Icon — — — — 15
Notes
  • J. ^ Best of Jimmy Cliff and The Very Best of Jimmy Cliff & Peter Tosh charted in French Compilations Chart, at number 1 and 5 respectively.


Singles

[edit]
Year Title Peak positions Album
AUS
[71][72] 		AUT
[73] 		BEL
(Vl)
[74] 		BEL
(Wa)
[69] 		FRA
[75][76] 		GER
[70] 		IRE
[77] 		ITA
 NLD
[62] 		NZ
[63] 		SWI
[65] 		UK
[66] 		US
[67]
1962 "Hurricane Hatty" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Harder Road to Travel: The Collection
"Miss Jamaica" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Since Lately" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1963 "King of Kings" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"My Lucky Day" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"The Man" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1966 "Pride and Passion" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Hard Road to Travel
1967 "Give and Take" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"I Got a Feeling" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"That's the Way Life Goes" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Jimmy Cliff
1968 "Vietnam" — — — — — 15 — — 26 — — 46 —
1969 "Waterfall" — — — — — — — — — — — — — The Harder They Come
"Wonderful World, Beautiful People" 30 — 13 — — — 17 — 12 — — 6 25 Jimmy Cliff
1970 "Come into My Life" — — — — — — — 21 — — — — 89
"Sufferin' in the Land" — — — — — — — — 26 — — — —
"Where Did It Go" — — — — — — — — — — — — — The Essential Jimmy Cliff
"Wild World" 31 20 7 — 51 — 11 17 3 — 2 8 — Wild World
"You Can Get It If You Really Want" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Jimmy Cliff
"Synthetic World" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Goodbye Yesterday
1971 "Goodbye Yesterday" — — 30 — — — — — 25 — — — —
"Those Good Good Old Days" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Struggling Man
"Sitting in Limbo" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Another Cycle
1972 "The Harder They Come" — — — — 32 — — — — — — — — The Harder They Come
"Struggling Man" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Struggling Man
1973 "Let's Seize the Time" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"On My Life" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Unlimited
"Fundamental Reggay" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Oh Jamaica" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1974 "Music Maker" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Music Maker
"Look What You Done to My Life, Devil Woman" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Money Won't Save You" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Don't Let It Die" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Brave Warrior
1975 "Every Tub" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"If I Follow My Mind" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Follow My Mind
1976 "Look at the Mountains" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Dear Mother" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1977 "Material World" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Give the People What They Want
"Deal with Life" — — — — — — — — — — — — — single only
1978 "Treat the Youths Right" — — 22 — — — — — 13 — — — — Special
"Bongo Man" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Give Thankx
"Stand Up and Fight Back" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1979 "Love I Need" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1980 "All the Strength We Got" — — — — — — — — — — — — — I Am the Living
"Another Summer" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"I Am the Living" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1981 "Son of Man" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Give the People What They Want
"Shelter of Your Love" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"My Philosophy" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1982 "Rub-A-Dub Partner" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Special
"Love Is All" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Special" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Roots Radical" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Peace Officer" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Love Heights" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1983 "Reggae Night" 55 — 5 — 2 35 — 8 6 1 — 91 — The Power and the Glory
"We All Are One" — — 24 — 15 — — — 33 48 — 93 —
"Sunshine in the Music" — — 28 — — — — — 13 — — — —
1984 "Reggae Movement" — — — — — — — — — — — — — single only
"Black Bess" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"De Youths Dem a Bawl" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1985 "Hot Shot" — — — — 24 — — 42 — — — — — Cliff Hanger
"American Sweet" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Reggae Street" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1986 "Seven-Day Weekend" (with Elvis Costello) — — — — — — — — — — — — — Club Paradise
"Club Paradise" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1987 "Roots Girl (Step Aside)" — — — — — — — — — — — — — single only
"Rebel in Me" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Images
"Hanging Fire" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Hanging Fire
"Reggae Down Babylon" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Soar Like an Eagle" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1988 "Love Me Love Me" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1989 "Pressure on Botha" (with Josey Wales) — — — — — — — — — — — — — Images
"Trapped" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Dance Reggae Dance" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Save Our Planet Earth
"Save Our Planet Earth" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1992 "Breakout" — — — — — — — 18 — — — — — Breakout
"I'm a Winner" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Peace" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1993 "Samba Reggae" — — — — — — — — — — — — —
"Many Rivers to Cross" — — — — 37 — — — — — — — — Jimmy Cliff
"I Can See Clearly Now" 17 — 32 — 1 52 — — 39 1 — 23 18 Cool Runnings: Music from the Motion Picture
1994 "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" — — — — — 52 — — — 31 — — 117 Higher & Higher
1995 "Hakuna Matata" (with Lebo M) — — 46 6 7 77 — — 10 — 32 — 105 Rhythm of the Pride Lands
"Melody Tempo Harmony" (with Bernard Lavilliers) — — — 22 6 — — — — — — — — single only
1999 "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Humanitarian
2002 "Fantastic Plastic People" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Fantastic Plastic People
2004 "Jamaica Time" (with David A. Stewart) — — — — — — — — — — — — — Black Magic
2011 "Guns of Brixton" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Sacred Fire EP
2012 "One More" — — — — — — — — — — — — — Rebirth
2013 "C'mon Get Happy" — — — — — — — — — — — — — single only

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Jimmy Cliff: Biography". answers.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Marshall, Alex; Williams, Alex (24 November 2025). "Jimmy Cliff, Singer Who Helped Bring Reggae to Global Audience, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
  3. ^ Grow, Kory (November 2025). "Jimmy Cliff, Reggae Legend and The Harder They Come Star, Dead at 81". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  4. ^ "Jimmy Cliff full Official Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  5. ^ "Cocktail (1988) – Soundtracks". IMDb. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  6. ^ Shaffer, Claire (November 2025). "Jimmy Cliff, Groundbreaking Reggae Singer, Dies at 81". Pitchfork. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  7. ^ Harris, Craig. "Jimmy Cliff Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  8. ^ Greene, Jo-Ann. "Jimmy Cliff Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  9. ^ McGrath, Nick (21 July 2012). "Jimmy Cliff: My family values". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  10. ^ Williams, Holly (28 July 2012). "My Secret Life: Jimmy Cliff, 64, reggae artist". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  11. ^ Thompson, Dave (2002). Reggae & Caribbean Music. Backbeat Books. p. 76. ISBN 0-87930-655-6 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b Larkin, Colin (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0242-9.
  13. ^ a b c Greene, Jo-Ann. "Jimmy Cliff Biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  14. ^ "Leslie Kong, reggae pioneer". Jamaica Observer. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  15. ^ Jw31209. "This Is Ska! (2/4) 1964 Jimmy Cliff/Prince Buster/Toots & The Maytals and More..." YouTube. YouTube, 5 February 2010. Web.<"This is Ska! (2/4) 1964 Jimmy Cliff/Prince Buster/Toots & the Maytals and more... - YouTube". YouTube. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.> 2 December 2016.
  16. ^ Steve Barrow; Peter Dalton (1997). Reggae: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-247-0.
  17. ^ a b c d e Katz, David (24 November 2025). "Jimmy Cliff obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
  18. ^ "Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican singer who took reggae international with You Can Get It If You Really Want". Daily Telegraph. 24 November 2025.
  19. ^ "The Harder They Come (1972)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  20. ^ a b Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 242. CN 5585.
  21. ^ "Jimmy Cliff planning sequel to The Harder They Come". The Caribzone. thecaribzone.com. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  22. ^ "Jimmy Cliff – Découvrez de la musique, des vidéos, des concerts, des stats, & des photos sur Last.fm" (in French). lastfm.fr. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  23. ^ "Jimmy Cliff - Toute l'actu !". PurePeople.com (in French). Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  24. ^ a b c Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (24 November 2025). "Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican reggae singer, actor and cultural icon, dies aged 81". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
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