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Haemaphysalis

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Haemaphysalis
Temporal range: Cretaceous–present
Haemaphysalis longicornis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Ixodida
Family: Ixodidae
Subfamily: Haemaphysalinae
Genus: Haemaphysalis
Koch, 1844
Species

170 extant, see text.[1]

Haemaphysalis is a genus of hard ticks.[2] It is the second largest genus in the family Ixodidae, after Ixodes, and the largest genus of the Metastriata. Haemaphysalis ticks are found on all continents and across all major zoogeographical regions, except Antarctica, although most species are found in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions. Approximately 80% of the species are present in Asia and Africa, with significantly less species diversity in Europe and the Americas.[3] Haemaphysalis species primarily parasitise birds and mammals.[4]

Top down, L>R: Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Haemaphysalis pentalagi, Haemaphysalis bancrofti.
Top down, L>R: Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Haemaphysalis elliptica, Haemaphysalis sp., Haemaphysalis sp., Haemaphysalis bancrofti.

Description

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Haemaphysalis are very small, elliptical ticks. They are best distinguished by the significant lateral salience on palpal article II, which extends beyond the margin of the basis capitulum. They are eyeless, with short mouthparts.[5]

Taxonomy

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Haemaphysalis contains 170 species[6] distributed across 8 subgenera (Aboimisalis, Aborphysalis, Allophysalis, Haemaphysalis, Herpetobia, Kaiseriana, Ornithophysalis, Segalia) although the phylogeny of the genus is unresolved, with most subgenera being polyphyletic.[7][8] The former subgenera Alloceraea and Sharifiella have been recently elevated to full generic genus rank.[9][10]

Ixodidae
Ixodidae cladogram after Barker et al., (2024)[11]

Species

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Notes

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  1. ^ Camicas et al. (1998) list as synonym of H. shimoga, while Kolonin (2009) treats both as synonyms of H. taiwana
  2. ^ This taxon is dubious - it has been extensively confused and synonymised with Haemaphysalis chordeilis and Haemaphysalis punctata. Its hosts are unknown. Most redescriptions are unclear, mistake the species for another, or misname the species as H. cinnaberina [sic].
  3. ^ This species is known in Japanese literature as Haemaphysalis ias Nakamura & Yajima, 1937
  4. ^ Possibly abnormal form of H. concinna (Kolonin 2009)
  5. ^ Taxon is ill-defined, and only considered provisionally valid.
  6. ^ Possible synonym of H. doenitzi (Kolonin, 2009)
  7. ^ Treated as synonym of H. taiwana in Kolonin (2009)
  8. ^ This taxon seems to have highly variable morphology, making it difficult to identify. Different authors depict profound differences in morphology across redescriptions, suggesting it may in fact be a species complex.
  9. ^ Kolonin (2009) treats as a synonym of H. kinneari

References

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  1. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019". Zootaxa (Monograph). 4871 (1). Auckland: Magnolia Press: 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. eISSN 1175-5326. ISBN 978-1-77688-088-1. OCLC 8837433568. PMID 33311340.
  2. ^ Koch, C.L. (1844) Systematische Übersicht über die Ordnung der Zecken. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 10, 217–239. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.29560
  3. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Nava, Santiago; Robbins, Richard G. (2021). Neotropical Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72353-8. ISBN 978-3-030-72352-1.
  4. ^ Mehlhorn, Heinz (2016), "Haemaphysalis Species", Encyclopedia of Parasitology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1198–1200, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_1366, ISBN 978-3-662-43978-4, retrieved 2025-10-05
  5. ^ Barker, Stephen; Barker, Dayana (2023). Ticks of Australasia: 125 species of ticks in and around Australia. Auckland, New Zealand: Zootaxa, Magnolia Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-77688-700-2.
  6. ^ Guglielmone, Alberto A; Petney, Trevor N; Robbins, Richard G (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019". Zootaxa (Monograph). 4871 (1). Auckland: Magnolia Press: 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. eISSN 1175-5326. ISBN 978-1-77688-088-1. OCLC 8837433568. PMID 33311340.
  7. ^ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (June 2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 38 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1111/mve.12708. ISSN 0269-283X. PMID 38469668.
  8. ^ Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Shao, Renfu; Barker, Dayana; Teo, Ernest J.M.; Chatanga, Elisha; Gofton, Alexander W.; Moustafa, Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (March 2023). "Seventy-eight entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes provide insight into the phylogeny of the hard ticks, particularly the Haemaphysalis species, Africaniella transversale and Robertsicus elaphensis". Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 14 (2) 102070. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102070. hdl:2263/93967. PMID 36455382.
  9. ^ Kelava, Samuel; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Shao, Renfu; Gofton, Alexander W.; Mans, Ben J.; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Norval, Gerrut; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo; Barker, Stephen C. (2024). "Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 38 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1111/mve.12708. ISSN 0269-283X. PMID 38469668.
  10. ^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Greiman, Stephen E.; Goodman, Steven M.; Apanaskevich, Maria A.; Ahmed, Rokeya; Barker, Stephen C. (2025-04-29). "Validation of Sharifiella Santos Dias, 1958 (Acari: Ixodidae) as a genus of hard ticks containing S. theilerae (Hoogstraal, 1953), a parasite of tail-less tenrec, Tenrec ecaudatus (Schreber) (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) on Madagascar". Zootaxa. 5627 (3): 503–525. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5627.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
  11. ^ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Seeman, Owen D.; Gofton, Alexander; Shao, Renfu; Teo, Ernest J. M.; Evasco, Kimberley L.; Soennichsen, Kari F.; Barker, Dayana; Nakao, Ryo (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa. 5410 (1): 91–111. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
  12. ^ a b c d Dmitry Apanaskevich and Jackson A. Tomlinson. 2019. Description of four new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H. (Rhipistoma) spinulosa subgroup, parasites of carnivores and rodents in Africa. Systematic Parasitology, July, First Online: 22 August 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11230-019-09875-7, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11230-019-09875-7.
  13. ^ Dmitry Apanaskevich and Steven M. Goodman. 2020. Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) from the H. (Rhipistoma) asiatica subgroup, parasite of an endemic Malagasy carnivoran (Carnivora: Eupleridae). Systematic Parasitology, 97: 591–599; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11230-020-09943-3, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09943-3.
  14. ^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2024-07-26). "Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of hares and rabbits (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) in Texas, Oklahoma and Colorado (USA), that was misidentified as H. leporispalustris (Packard, 1869) for more than a century". Zootaxa. 5486 (3): 435–450. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5486.3.6. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 39646825.
  15. ^ Apanaskevich, Dmitry A. (2025-09-08). "Description of a new species of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), an ornate parasite of birds in Florida, South Carolina and Texas (USA), and redescription of all parasitic stages of H. chordeilis (Packard, 1869)". Zootaxa. 5691 (1): 45–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5691.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334.
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