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Today (November 7)

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November 7

U2 in 2005

"Slug" is a song by Passengers, a side project of musician Brian Eno and rock band U2 (pictured). It was released on 7 November 1995 on Passengers' sole release, the experimental album Original Soundtracks 1. The song was almost left off the album before it was rediscovered later during the recording sessions. Though Eno made most of the creative decisions during the sessions, "Slug" was one of the few tracks that the members from U2 tried to craft themselves. Lyrically, it portrays a desolate soul with the confusion of romance and faith. U2 and Eno tried to create a visual suggestion from the music that was more important than the story within the lyrics. In "Slug", the instrumentation is intended as visual music representing the lights turning on in a city at night. The group primarily drew inspiration for the song from U2's experiences in Tokyo at the conclusion of their Zoo TV Tour in 1993. "Slug" has been praised as one of the best songs on the album by critics from various publications. (Full article...)

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November 7

Sidney Lanier Bridge collapse

• 680 – The Third Council of Constantinople convened to settle the Christological controversies of monoenergism and monothelitism.
• 1825 – Jereboam O. Beauchamp murdered Kentucky legislator Solomon P. Sharp; Beauchamp later became the first person legally executed in the state.
• 1917 – World War I: British forces captured Gaza following the retreat of the Ottoman garrison.
• 1972 – A ship collision with the Sidney Lanier Bridge in the U.S. state of Georgia resulted in a bridge collapse (pictured), which killed ten people.
• 1987 – Tunisian prime minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali deposed and replaced President Habib Bourguiba by declaring him medically unfit for the duties of the office.

• Maldeo Rathore (d. 1562)
• Thomas Brassey (b. 1805)
• Emanuele Luigi Galizia (b. 1830)
• Ri Ul-sol (d. 2015)

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• November 6
• November 7
• November 8

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November 7

A train entering Bukit Panjang station

There are currently 42 operational stations on Singapore's Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, a series of local automated guideway transit lines spanning 26.5 kilometres (16.5 mi) and acting as a feeder service to the country's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. Conceptualised in 1991 and opened in 1999, there are currently three lines on the system: the Bukit Panjang LRT line (BPLRT), the Punggol LRT line (PGLRT), and the Sengkang LRT line (SKLRT). Of these, there are 13 stations on the BPLRT, 14 on the SKLRT, and 15 on the PGLRT. All stations are elevated and have barrier-free access and fixed platform screen doors. Four LRT stations interchange with MRT lines, being Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Panjang (pictured), Sengkang, and Punggol. These four are also the only LRT stations connected to bus interchanges. Three stations are planned to interchange with upcoming MRT lines: Choa Chu Kang, Punggol, and Riviera. (Full list...)

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November 7

The Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral absorption lines. They are dark absorption lines, seen in the optical spectrum of the Sun, and are formed when atoms in the solar atmosphere absorb light being emitted by the solar photosphere. The lines are named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer, who observed them in 1814. This image shows the solar spectral irradiance measured with a calibrated optical spectrometer, as viewed on a sunny day in Switzerland in 2022. Some of the characteristic Fraunhofer lines and their corresponding elements are indicated for the extended visible spectrum – the highlighted area of the graph.

Graph credit: Cyamahat

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Tomorrow (November 8)

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November 8

Hensley Henson (8 November 1863 – 27 September 1947) was an Anglican cleric who was Bishop of Hereford from 1918 to 1920 and Bishop of Durham from 1920 to 1939. He gained a first-class degree from Oxford in 1884 and was elected as a fellow of All Souls. Ordained in 1888, Henson served in the East End and Barking, becoming chaplain of Ilford Hospital Chapel in 1895. Appointed rector of St Margaret's, Westminster, and canon of Westminster Abbey in 1900, his tolerance of a wide range of theological views led the Anglo-Catholic wing of the Church of England to try to block his appointment to the see of Hereford. Henson was opposed to strikes, trade unions and socialism, which made him unpopular in the diocese, but some of his opinions changed over time. He came to believe that He came to believe that politicians should not legislate on church matters. He opposed prohibition and Nazi aggression. He supported reform of the divorce laws, the controversial 1928 revision of the Book of Common Prayer and ecumenism. (Full article...)

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November 8: Intersex Day of Remembrance

Christian II of Denmark

• 960 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Having been the target of many raids by the Emirate of Aleppo, Byzantine forces led by Leo Phokas the Younger ambushed the Hamdanids and annihilated their army.
• 1520 – Following a successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces under Christian II (pictured), scores of Swedish leaders in Stockholm were later executed despite Christian's promise of general amnesty.
• 1940 – The Italian invasion of Greece failed as outnumbered Greek units repulsed the Italians at the Battle of Elaia–Kalamas.
• 1957 – En route from San Francisco to Honolulu, Pan Am Flight 7 crashed into the Pacific Ocean due to unknown causes, killing all 44 people on board.
• 2013 – Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the Visayas region of the Philippines, killing at least 6,300 people, making it the deadliest Philippine typhoon recorded in modern history.

• Nyaungyan Min (b. 1555)
• Subroto Mukerjee (d. 1960)
• Dorothy Kilgallen (d. 1965)
• Tom Anderson (b. 1970)

More anniversaries:

• November 7
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November 8

The Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the family Monarchidae, the monarch flycatchers. It is native to the Indian subcontinent, with resident and breeding populations in most of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, as well as parts of Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. The bird has a length of 20 to 50 centimetres (7.9 to 19.7 inches) from beak to tail. Males have elongated central tail feathers, and a black and rufous plumage in some populations, while others have white plumage. Females are short-tailed with rufous wings and a black head. The Indian paradise flycatcher feeds on insects, including grasshoppers, butterflies and praying mantises, as well as flies. It typically captures prey in the air, kills it by hitting it on a rock, and then extracts the inner parts. This Indian paradise flycatcher in flight was photographed in Pilibhit in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Photograph credit: Prasan Shrestha

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In two days (November 9)

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November 9

The Royal Artillery Memorial is a First World War memorial located on Hyde Park Corner in London; it was unveiled on 18 October 1925. Designed by Charles Sargeant Jagger, with architectural work by Lionel Pearson, the memorial commemorates the 49,076 soldiers from the Royal Artillery killed in the First World War. The Royal Artillery War Commemoration Fund, formed in 1918, approached several eminent architects but its insistence on a visual representation of artillery meant that none was able to produce a satisfactory design. They approached Jagger, himself an ex-soldier who had been wounded in the war, and he produced a design that was accepted in 1922. The memorial comprises a cruciform base in Portland stone supporting a sculpture of a howitzer. At the end of each arm of the cross is a sculpture of a soldier—an officer at the front (south side), a shell carrier on the east side, a driver on the west side, and a dead soldier at the rear (north side). The design was controversial when unveiled. (Full article...)

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November 9

Flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

• 1822 – USS Alligator engaged three pirate schooners off the coast of Cuba in one of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States.
• 1913 – A severe blizzard reached its maximum intensity in the Great Lakes Basin of North America, destroying 19 ships and 68,300 tons of cargo, and killing more than 250 people.
• 1918 – The government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic adopted a tricolour national flag (pictured) which remains in use today, with slight modifications, by the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan.
• 1985 – At age 22, Garry Kasparov became the youngest-ever undisputed World Chess Champion by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.
• 2019 – The Alabama Crimson Tide and LSU Tigers football teams, both with undefeated records thus far that season, played in a "Game of the Century".

• Johannes Narssius (b. 1580)
• Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1854)
• Bob Gibson (b. 1935)
• Charles de Gaulle (d. 1970)

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• November 8
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November 9

Kumaon is a revenue and administrative division in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Historically known as Manaskhand and Kurmanchal, the Kumaon region has been ruled by several dynasties over the course of its history, most notably the Katyuris and the Chands. In 1790, the Kingdom of Kumaon was invaded and annexed by the Gorkhas, from whom it was conquered by the British in 1815, following which it became part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces (which later became the United Provinces). After the Indian independence in 1947, it remained part of the state of Uttar Pradesh until 2000, when the state of Uttarakhand was created as a result of the Uttarakhand movement. The people of Kumaon are known as Kumaonis and speak the Kumaoni language. This picture shows a panoramic view of the Kumaon Himalayas as seen from Ranikhet, with Himalayan giants such as Trisul (7,120 m (23,360 ft)), Nanda Devi (7,817 m (25,646 ft)), Nanda Kot (6,861 m (22,510 ft)), Panchachuli (6,904 m (22,651 ft)) and other peaks prominently visible.

Photograph credit: Harshit Rautela; edited by UnpetitproleX

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In three days (November 10)

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November 10

Small ivory box showing Merenre's royal titulary

Merenre Nemtyemsaf I (died c. 2272 BC) was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the fourth king of the Sixth Dynasty. He ruled Egypt for six to eleven years in the early 23rd century BC, toward the end of the Old Kingdom period. He was the son of his predecessor Pepi I Meryre and queen Ankhesenpepi I, and was in turn succeeded by Pepi II Neferkare, who might have been his son or less probably his brother. Pepi I may have shared power with Merenre in a co-regency at the very end of the former's reign. Merenre is frequently called Merenre I by Egyptologists. Merenre's rule saw profound changes in the administration of the southern provinces of Egypt, with a marked increase in the number of provincial administrators and a concurrent steep decline in the size of the central administration in the capital Memphis. A pyramid complex was built for Merenre in Saqqara, and likely completed prior to his death. (Full article...)

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November 10

The flag of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald

• 1202 – Fourth Crusade: The Siege of Zara, the first attack on a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders, began in present-day Zadar, Croatia.
• 1898 – White supremacists seized power and massacred black Americans during the Wilmington massacre, the only instance of a municipal government being overthrown in United States history.
• 1975 – SS Edmund Fitzgerald (ship banner depicted) sank in Lake Superior, claiming all 29 of her crew's lives.
• 1995 – Writer and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People were executed by the Nigerian military regime led by Sani Abacha.
• 2020 – The British government announced that it had removed the last land mine from the Falkland Islands, laid by Argentine forces during the 1982 Falklands War.

• Władysław Umiński (b. 1865)
• Richard Burton (b. 1925)
• Halina Reijn (b. 1975)
• Klaus Roth (d. 2015)

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• November 10
• November 11

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November 10

Daddy Yankee

The Billboard Latin Music Award for Reggaeton Album of the Year was an honor presented annually at the Billboard Latin Music Awards, a ceremony that recognizes "the most popular albums, songs, and performers in Latin music, as determined by the actual sales, radio airplay, streaming and social data that shapes Billboard's weekly charts." According to Billboard magazine, the category was "created in response to the growing number of charting titles from the genre" of reggaeton. The accolade was first presented at the eleventh Billboard Latin Music awards in 2005 to Puerto Rican singer Daddy Yankee (pictured) for his album Barrio Fino (2004). Yankee also received the accolade at the 2006 and 2008 awards ceremonies for his albums Barrio Fino: En Directo (2005) and El Cartel: The Big Boss (2007). Don Omar became the second and only other artist to win the award at the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2007, where his album King of Kings (2006) was awarded. (Full list...)

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November 10

Buddha's hand (Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis), also known as the fingered citron, is a citron variety whose fruit is segmented into finger-like sections, resembling those seen on representations of the Buddha. Like other citrons, the plant is a shrub or small tree with long, irregular branches covered in thorns. It has large pale green oblong leaves and white flowers. The fruit's fingers contain only the white part of the fruit and sometimes a small amount of acidic pulp, but many of them are completely juiceless and some are seedless. The fruit is used for its aroma, as a zest in food and drinks, as candied fruit, and in traditional medicine. It is also sometimes used as a religious offering in Buddhist temples and has been sold as a Halloween novelty under the trademark "goblin fingers".

Photograph credit: Kaldari

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In four days (November 11)

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November 11

Gough Whitlam (left) and Malcolm Fraser (right)

The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis culminated on 11 November when Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) as prime minister and appointed Malcolm Fraser, the opposition leader, as caretaker. The Whitlam government had been rocked by scandals and political miscalculations. In October, the Opposition blocked bills in the Senate financing the government, and urged Kerr to dismiss Whitlam unless he agreed to call an election for the House of Representatives. On 11 November, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election instead, but when he met with Kerr to seek his approval, Kerr dismissed him as prime minister. Before the ALP parliamentarians knew what had happened, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills and Kerr dissolved Parliament. Fraser and his government were returned with a large majority in the following month's election. Kerr resigned early as governor-general and lived much of his remaining life abroad. (Full article...)

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November 11: Armistice Day (known as Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations and Veterans Day in the United States); Singles' Day in China and Southeast Asia

Ian Smith

• 1215 – The Fourth Lateran Council convened in Rome, during which the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation was defined.
• 1805 – War of the Third Coalition: French, Austrian and Russian units suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Dürenstein.
• 1920 – In London, the Cenotaph was unveiled and the Unknown Warrior was buried in Westminster Abbey in remembrance of the First World War.
• 1940 – Second World War: The Royal Navy launched the first all-aircraft ship-to-ship naval attack in history against the Italians in the Battle of Taranto.
• 1965 – Rhodesia, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith (pictured), unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom.

• Arsacius of Tarsus (d. 405)
• David I. Walsh (b. 1872)
• George S. Patton (b. 1885)
• Francisco Blake Mora (d. 2011)

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November 11

Kurt Vonnegut (November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American author known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. In a career spanning over 50 years, he published fourteen novels and three short story collections; further works were published after his death. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Vonnegut enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1943. Deployed to Europe to fight in World War II, he was captured by the Germans and interned in Dresden, where he survived the Allied bombing of the city in a slaughterhouse. Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952. Two of his novels, The Sirens of Titan (1959) and Cat's Cradle (1963), were nominated for the Hugo Award. Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), a best-seller that resonated with its readers for its anti-war sentiment amidst the ongoing Vietnam War, thrust Vonnegut into fame as an important contemporary writer and a dark humor commentator on American society. Numerous scholarly works have examined Vonnegut's writing and humor. This photograph by Bernard Gotfryd shows Vonnegut in 1965.

Photograph credit: Bernard Gotfryd; restored by Adam Cuerden

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In five days (November 12)

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November 12

Bejeweled is a 2000 match-three video game developed and published by PopCap Games. The game involves lining up three or more multi-colored gems to clear them from the game board, and was inspired by a similar browser game, titled Colors Game. Originally released in 2000 under the title Diamond Mine as a browser game on the team's official website, Bejeweled was licensed to be hosted on MSN Games under its current name. PopCap released a retail version titled Bejeweled Deluxe in May 2001. Bejeweled has since been ported to many platforms, particularly mobile devices. The game has been commercially successful, having sold more than 10 million copies and been downloaded more than 150 million times. It is credited with popularizing match-three video games and launching the casual games industry, which grew to be worth $3 billion within a decade. The game was followed by a commercially successful series of sequels and spin-offs. (Full article...)

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November 12

Haakon VII of Norway

• 1330 – Led by the voivode Basarab I, Wallachian forces defeated the Hungarian army in an ambush at the Battle of Posada.
• 1905 – In a referendum, 79 percent of voters opted to keep Norway a monarchy, paving the way for Haakon VII (pictured) to take the throne.
• 1940 – World War II: Free French forces captured Gabon from Vichy France.
• 1948 – Former Japanese prime minister Hideki Tojo was sentenced to death for war crimes alongside generals Iwane Matsui, Akira Mutō and Kenji Doihara by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
• 2011 – An explosion in the Shahid Modarres missile base led to the deaths of 17 members of the Revolutionary Guards, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program.

• Auguste Rodin (b. 1840)
• Liu Shaoqi (d. 1969)
• Anne Hathaway (b. 1982)
• Márton Fülöp (d. 2015)

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November 12

The large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus) is a medium-sized hemipteran (true bug) in the family Lygaeidae. It is distributed throughout North America, from Central America through Mexico, the Caribbean and the United States, to southern Canada. It inhabits disturbed areas, roadsides, and open pastures. Due to this widespread geographic distribution, this insect exhibits varying life history trade-offs depending on the population location, including differences in wing length and other traits based on location. Adult large milkweed bugs are around 11–12 mm in length and have a red/orange and black X-shaped pattern on their wings underneath the triangle that is typical to hemipterans. Its diet often consists of milkweed seeds, but it has also been observed feeding on aphids, monarch caterpillar eggs, and larvae, displaying opportunistic behavior. The insect is often used as a model organism and reared for laboratory experiments due to being easy to rear and handle, short developmental time, few instars, and high fecundity. This large milkweed bug was photographed in the Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York City, United States.

Photograph credit: Rhododendrites

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In six days (November 13)

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November 13

270 Park Avenue, also known as the JPMorgan Chase Tower and the Union Carbide Building, was a skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Built in 1960 for Union Carbide, it was designed by the architects Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie de Blois of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). The 52-story skyscraper, which later became the global headquarters for JPMorgan Chase, was demolished in 2021 to make way for a taller skyscraper at the same address. At that time, the Union Carbide Building was the tallest voluntarily demolished building in the world. The building occupied a full city block bounded by Madison Avenue, 48th Street, Park Avenue, and 47th Street. It included a 52-story tower facing Park Avenue to the east and a 12-story annex facing Madison Avenue to the west, along with public plazas. About two-thirds of 270 Park Avenue was built atop two levels of underground railroad tracks, which feed into the nearby Grand Central Terminal. (Full article...)

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November 13

Nevado del Ruiz

• 1642 – First English Civil War: Royalist forces engaged the much larger Parliamentarian army at the Battle of Turnham Green near Turnham Green, Middlesex.
• 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Patriot forces captured Montreal without significant opposition as part of the Invasion of Quebec.
• 1940 – Walt Disney's Fantasia, the first commercial film shown with stereophonic sound, premiered at the Broadway Theatre in New York City.
• 1985 – The volcano Nevado del Ruiz (pictured) erupted, causing a volcanic mudslide that buried the town of Armero, Colombia, killing approximately 23,000 people.
• 2015 – Coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris perpetrated by the Islamic State killed 130 people and injured 413 others.

• Dorothea Erxleben (b. 1715)
• Moshe Pesach (d. 1955)
• Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1989)
• Sydney Agudong (b. 2000)

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November 13

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In seven days (November 14)

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November 14

Elinor Fettiplace (c.1570 – in or after 1647) was an English cookery book writer. Probably born in Pauntley, Gloucestershire into an upper-class land-owning farming family, she married into the well-connected Fettiplace family and moved to a manor house in the Vale of White Horse, Berkshire. In common with many ladies of the Elizabethan era, Fettiplace wrote a manuscript book with details of recipes for dishes and meals, medical remedies and tips for running the household. She dated the work 1604, but it is possible that she began writing it several years earlier, when she was still living with her mother. The book was passed down through her family, initially to her niece, until it was handed to the husband of the twentieth-century writer Hilary Spurling. Fettiplace's husband died in 1615; she moved back to Gloucestershire and married a local man, Edward Rogers, who died in 1623. She lived until at least 1647. (Full article...)

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November 14: World Diabetes Day; Dobruja Day in Romania

Eugene Burton Ely taking off from USS Birmingham

• 1770 – Scottish travel writer James Bruce discovered what he believed to be the source of the Nile.
• 1910 – Aviator Eugene Burton Ely performed the first takeoff from a ship (pictured), flying from a makeshift deck on USS Birmingham in Hampton Roads, Virginia.
• 1970 – Southern Airways Flight 932, chartered by the Marshall University football team, crashed into a hill near Ceredo, West Virginia, killing all 75 people on board.
• 1975 – With the signing of the Madrid Accords, Spain agreed to withdraw its presence from the territory of Spanish Sahara.
• 2010 – Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers' Championship after winning the final race of the season, becoming the youngest Formula One champion.

• Hugh Faringdon (d. 1539)
• Leopold Mozart (b. 1719)
• Olga Kurylenko (b. 1979)
• A. Thomas Bradbury (d. 1992)

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• November 14
• November 15

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November 14

1886 portrait of Christian IX and his family by Laurits Tuxen

King Christian IX of Denmark, known as the "father-in-law of Europe", ruled Denmark from 1863 to 1906. He and his queen consort, Louise of Hesse-Kassel, became the ancestors of many members of European royalty. Christian and Louise had three sons and three daughters together. Although Christian had an affectionate relationship with his daughters, he rejected his eldest son, Frederick, over political differences. After the start of Christian's reign King of Denmark, Louise helped marry their children into royal families across Europe, including their daughter Princess Alexandra with Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and their daughter Princess Dagmar with Alexander, Tsarevich of Russia. Some of Christian and Louise's grandchildren became monarchs themselves. For example, Constantine I, Nicholas II, and George V reigned over Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom, respectively. (Full list...)

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November 14

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