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White wine

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White wine
Glasses of white wine
TypeWine
Alcohol by volume5.5–20.5%
IngredientsTypes of grapes fermented without skin contact
VariantsSee varieties

White wine is a wine made without maceration. This means the grape juice does not stay in contact with the skins, seeds, or pulp for a long time. The colour can be straw-yellow, yellow-green, or yellow-gold.[1] Alcoholic fermentation of the clear pulp of grapes produces it. These grapes feature skins of any colour.

There are many kinds of white wine. This is because there are many types of grapes, different ways of winemaking, and different amounts of leftover sugar (sweetness). Most white wine comes from "white" grapes, which are actually green or yellow. Examples include Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, and Riesling.[2] Some white wine is made from grapes with dark skins, as long as the must (juice) is not stained. For example, Pinot noir is often used to make champagne.

Dry white wine is the most common type. It is sour and has a strong smell. It is made by letting the juice ferment completely. Sweet wines are made by stopping the fermentation before all the sugar turns into alcohol. This is called Mutage. There are many ways to make the juice sweeter, such as letting the grapes ripen longer on the vine or using noble rot. Sparkling wines are also mostly white. These wines keep the carbon dioxide inside the bottle so they become fizzy when opened.[3]

White wines are often drunk as an apéritif before a meal, with dessert, or as a refreshing drink. They are usually lighter and more refreshing than red wine. The drink's acid and pleasant smell make it very useful for cooking. The natural acid in the wine softens tough fibers in meat to make it soft and tender. When making sauces, the wine's alcohol helps mix flavors together, while its smell adds a fresh aroma to the food. Most of the alcohol boils away during cooking, but the fruit flavors and the sharp taste remain in the dish.[4]

The type of grape is the most important part of the wine's flavor.[5] While there are hundreds of different types, a few are very common.[6] Chardonnay is a popular grape that grows in many climates and often tastes like apple or tropical fruits.[7] Sauvignon blanc makes a refreshing wine that often smells like citrus or fresh grass.[5] Riesling grows well in cool places like Germany and can be either very sweet or very dry.[6] Other common grapes include Pinot gris, which creates light and easy-to-drink wines.[8] Almost all these grapes have clear juice, even if their skins are different colors.[9]

Winemaking

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The winemaking process uses several steps to keep the liquid clear and fresh.[5] First, workers pick the grapes and put them into a machine called a press.[10] This machine squeezes the grapes to get the juice out of the pulp.[9] To make white wine, winemakers must separate the juice from the skins and seeds right away.[11] This is different from red wine, where the skins stay in the juice to give it a dark color.[12] By removing the skins quickly, winemakers ensure the wine stays light and clear.[13][10] Next, the juice goes into a tank where yeast eats the sugar.[14] This process, called fermentation, turns the sugar into alcohol and creates heat.[5] Finally, the wine sits in tanks or wooden barrels to develop its flavor before workers put it into bottles.[10]

The photograph shows a sculpted rock: a bas-relief appears in grey-beige on a blue-gray rock stained with dark grey streaks. The Hittite king is on the left. He is bearded and holding a branch with two grapes. Facing him, the god has lost his head and his feet because of the ravages of time
The Hittite King Warpalawa offering a bunch of grapes to the god Tarhunta. A bas-relief in rock at Ivriz in Turkey from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

In the past

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The oldest form of wine was found in modern-day Iran from 7,500 years ago.[15] No one knows exactly when people first started making it. Ancient writings show that wine existed in the Middle East. It was made in the mountains of Anatolia and Armenia and then moved to Mesopotamia. Old clay tablets from the Hittites and Sumerians use different words for wine, such as red, light (which might be white), good, honeyed, or sour.[16][17]

In Ancient Greece, the doctor Hippocrates used white wine as a medicine for his patients.[18]

In Roman times, the Romans copied the Greek way of making wine. Rich people held big parties where expensive wine was a sign of power.[19] The richest citizens had villas near the Bay of Naples where they grew grapes to make a sweet white wine. As the Romans moved north, they planted vines along the Rhine river to give their soldiers a safe drink, since the water was often dirty.[20]

Middle Ages

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A medieval image (tacuino sanitatis)
White grapes in the late Middle Ages

After the Western Roman Empire fell, the wine trade almost disappeared. Germanic tribes liked beer more than wine. Later, Vikings and Saracens made it dangerous to trade or live in wine-growing areas like Provence or Southern Italy.[21]

The Catholic Church saved the knowledge of how to grow grapes because wine was needed for the Mass. Monks planted vines in many new places. Later, kings and nobles began to buy wine again to show off their wealth.[a 1]

Rivers like the Rhine and Danube were used to move wine to different countries. King Charlemagne made rules to make sure wine was made cleanly.[22] This was a busy time for white wine in Germany and Austria. By the 15th century, people called high-quality wine "Fränkisch" (after the Franks) and cheaper wine "Heunisch" (after the Huns).[23]

Renaissance

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Reconstruction of the ancient port of Palos de la Frontera

In 1453, the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople. This stopped the traditional wine trade in the Mediterranean, causing many Greek vineyards to fall into ruin.[24] In response, Spain began exporting its own wines to England and the Netherlands. One of the most famous exports was a white wine called "sack", which was the early version of modern sherry.[25]

In the 16th century, European explorers brought the first grapevines to the Americas. Vineyards were successfully planted in Mexico by 1524, and reached Peru and Chile by 1548.[26][27]

During the Little Ice Age (a period of very cold weather from the 14th to the 19th centuries), northern vineyards in places like England and Germany struggled. Because red grapes would not ripen in the cold, white grapes—which handle cool weather better—became the primary choice for northern winemakers.[28] The freezing winters also led to the accidental discovery of champagne. The cold would stop fermentation in the winter, only for it to start again in the spring. This trapped carbon dioxide in the bottles, creating bubbles.[29]

Cellars of Tokaj in Hungary

The 17th century saw the rise of famous sweet white wines. Around 1650, winemakers in Hungary discovered how to use noble rot (a helpful fungus) to make Tokaji wine.[30]

This secret eventually spread to other regions. By the 18th and 19th centuries, winemakers in Schloss Johannisberg, Germany and Sauternes, France created the art of "late harvest" wines, where grapes are left on the vine until they are dried and sweet.[31][32]

Contemporary era

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Landscape of hills in Champagne

In the 19th century, champagne became famous globally. It was a favorite of European royalty and was often used during important political meetings, such as the Congress of Vienna.[33]

Improvements in the glass industry were important. Before this, bottles often exploded from the pressure of the bubbles. New coal-fired furnaces created stronger glass that could safely hold the carbon dioxide.[34] During the Industrial Revolution, the process of winemaking started using machines, making champagne cheaper for the growing middle class.[35][36]

In the 20th century, white wine production expanded to "New World" regions like California, Australia, and New Zealand. However, winemakers in these warm climates faced a problem: if the juice got too hot during fermentation, the wine would lose its fresh flavor or spoil.[37]

Scientists, particularly at the University of California, Davis, developed ways to control fermentation temperatures.[38] They introduced stainless steel tanks with "cooling jackets" that kept the wine at a steady, cool temperature. [39] It also allowed high-quality white wine to be made in hot places like California and Australia.[40]

This technology changed white wine, allowing it to stay crisp and fruity regardless of the weather outside. Today, these refrigeration methods are used in almost every white wine region in the world.[41]

Locations

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Share of white wine in total wine consumption (2023)[42]
CountryShare of white wine (%)
World average40.6%
 Australia60%
 Czech Republic60%
 New Zealand56%
 Luxembourg53%
 United Kingdom47%
 United States40%
 France21%

Climatic zones

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White grapes do not need as much heat as red grapes to ripen. This is because white wine does not use the bitter tannins from the skins. Because of this, white wine is often made in colder or more mountainous areas.[43]

In Europe, countries like Germany, Switzerland, and Luxembourg mostly produce white wine. In France, the northern regions like Alsace and Champagne are the main producers. In Spain, a large area called Castile-La Mancha produces a lot of white wine, and Catalonia makes a sparkling white wine called Cava.[44]

In the Americas, Canada is famous for making ice wine in its cold climate. Canada is now the biggest producer of ice wine in the world.[45] Warmer areas in the south also make white wine, but they often make it sweet or add extra alcohol to it (fortified wine).[46] Examples include Madeira or Marsala.

Cooking features

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The temperature at which wine is served is important for enjoying it. White wine should be chilled, but it should not be served with ice.[b 1][47]

At a cold temperature (between 8 and 9 °C), the chill makes bubbles stand out and makes sweet or fortified wines taste less sugary. For dry wines with a strong smell, serving them between 10 and 12 °C makes them taste fresh.[48] Very high-quality white wines are best served at 12 to 14 °C, which helps the drinker notice the complex flavours and the body of the wine.[49]

Pairing white wine and food

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The acidity (tartness) of dry white wine is balanced by food that is slightly salty or sweet. At the same time, the wine can make salty food taste stronger and help balance out heavy, fatty foods.[50] Sweet wine works well with both sweet and savoury dishes because it cuts through sugar and brings out the taste of fruit.[51]

Dry or sparkling white wine is often served as an aperitif (a drink before a meal). Experts believe[b 2][52] that because some wines have a lot of sugar or alcohol, they can fill up the taste buds. However, the fresh, fruity taste of white wine helps prepare the mouth for the meal.[53]

Mussels and white wine

During a meal, very dry wines are recommended for oysters and seafood because the acidity brings out the salinity of the shellfish.[54] Very fragrant wines go well with fish or white meats like chicken.[b 1] In stews, the acidity of the wine helps balance the fat in the meat.[55] Sweet wines are a good choice for spicy exotic dishes that use cinnamon or vanilla.[56] Fortified white wines are often served with foie gras.[b 2] Sparkling wines can be served throughout the entire meal.

Many people choose white wine over red wine when eating cheese. This is because the acid in the wine goes well with the fat in dairy products.[b 3][57] Dry wines like Chardonnay or Sauvignon blanc bring out the taste of goat cheese. Strong-smelling wines and some sparkling wines work well with washed-rind cheeses that have a very strong smell like Munster.[58] Hard cheeses, like Comté cheese, pair perfectly with the yellow wine from the Jura. Fortified wines are best for blue cheeses like Roquefort.[59]

White wine is also used with desserts. Sweet and fortified wines go well with fruit salads or tarts. Rich desserts made with cream or butter pair well with sparkling wines. For chocolate, which has a very strong taste, an amber sweet wine is usually the best choice.[60]

White wine as an ingredient

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White wine is a common ingredient in cooking. Its acidity balances out fat and makes heavy dishes feel lighter.[51] This acid also helps break down the fibres in meat to make it more tender.[61] In this way, white wine is used much like lemon juice.

White wine is used to make many sauces, such as béarnaise sauce or marinara sauce. It is also used to deglaze a pan, which means picking up the leftover juices from cooked meat to make a sauce.[62] In cheese fondue, the wine's acidity keeps the melted cheese smooth. [63][64]

In marinades, wine is used to soften meat or fish. It is also used as a liquid for slow-cooking dishes. It helps keep the meat moist and balances the fat in the sauce.[65] It is used in dishes like risotto, sauerkraut (cabbage), osso buco, and many chicken or rabbit stews.[66][67] It is also the main liquid used to cook mussels and other seafood.[68]

A common rule for cooks is to serve the same wine at the table that was used to cook the food.[69]

Nutrition facts

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Nutrition facts for 100g of typical White Wine
Nutrition Unit Value for 100 g
Water g ~ 86.86[70]
Energy kcal ~ 82[71]
Protein g ~ 0.07[71]
Total lipid (Fat) g 0.00[71]
Carbohydrates g ~ 2.60[72]
Sugars g ~ 0.96[72]

Health effects

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Torrontés wine tasting in Cafayate, Argentina

Because white wine spends less time in contact with grape skins, it has very little tannin and fewer antioxidants than red wine. However, a group of researchers from Montpellier has created a white wine that contains extra polyphenols.[73]

Sulphur dioxide is a common additive in wine. It is usually safe, but it can be dangerous for people with asthma:[74] it can start an asthma attack.[75] Some people may also experience trouble breathing, migraines, or a warm feeling in the stomach. It is very rare for a person to not have sulfite oxidase, the enzyme that breaks down sulphur. Scientists are currently studying whether these symptoms are caused by sulphur or by something else in the wine.[76]

White wine is an acidic drink with a pH between 2.8 and 3.6.[77]

This high acidity can damage tooth enamel.[78]

The wine also contains ethanol (alcohol). Drinking alcohol regularly can lead to cirrhosis of the liver. Drinking too much alcohol causes health risks. These risks increase for women who drink more than 20 grams of alcohol a day and men who drink more than 40 grams. These problems come from the alcohol itself, not just from drinking wine.[79] However, some studies from California suggest that a small daily dose of wine might actually help people with certain liver conditions.[80]

Recent studies show that white wine may have benefits for the lungs and the cardiovascular system (the heart and blood vessels).[81] While red wine has more antioxidants, white wine still contains enough to be helpful.[82] Both types of wine help prevent LDL (bad cholesterol) from breaking down in a way that harms the body.[83]

    • France Hugh Johnson, A World History of Wine from Antiquity to Modern Times, Hachette, 1990, ISBN 2-01-015867-9, 464 pages
    1. ↑ p. 129-137
    • France Collective work, The Hachette Guide to the Wines of France 2010, Hachette pratique, August 2009, ISBN 978-2-01-237514-7
    1. 1 2 p. 52-53
    2. 1 2 p. 52
    3. ↑ p. 55

    Bibliography

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    • France Yves Renouil (dir.), Dictionary of Wine, Féret et fils, Bordeaux, 1962
    • France Sopexa, Wine and Spirits of France, Le Carrousel, Paris, 1989, ISBN 2-907504-00-2
    • France Collective work, The Vine and the Wine, Éditions la manufacture et la cité des sciences et de l'industrie, 1988, Lyon, ISBN 2-7377-0120-1, Part "Vinification in white" written by Denis Dubourdieu, p. 170 and 171
    • France Jean-Luc Berger, The Procedures of Wine-making, The vine and the wine, pages 76–77, No. 155, Science & Vie magazine, September 1986, Éditions Exelsior, Paris, ISSN 0151-0282
    • France Pascal Ribéreau-Gayon, Yves Glories, Alain Maujean, Denis Dubourdieu; Traits of Oenology : Chemistry of Wine, stabilisation and treatments, Dunod, October 2000, ISBN 2-10-003948-2

    References

    [change | change source]
    1. ↑ "Characterize Types of White Wine by Color". 27 February 2012.
    2. ↑ Robinson, Jancis (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198705383.
    3. ↑ McGovern, Patrick E. (2003). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691127842.
    4. ↑ "State of the World Vitivinicultural Sector". OIV.int. International Organisation of Vine and Wine. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    5. 1 2 3 4 Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality. Wine & Spirit Education Trust. 2020. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-1-905819-15-7.
    6. 1 2 Robinson, Jancis (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198705383.
    7. ↑ "Chardonnay". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2026-01-11.
    8. ↑ "Pinot Gris". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2026-01-11.
    9. 1 2 Puckette, Madeline (2015). Wine Folly: The Essential Guide to Wine. Avery. ISBN 978-1592408993.
    10. 1 2 3 Robinson, Jancis (2015). "Winemaking". The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198705383.
    11. ↑ "Winemaking". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2026-01-12.
    12. ↑ Wine and Spirits: Looking Behind the Label. Wine & Spirit Education Trust. 2021. ISBN 978-1-905819-15-7.
    13. ↑ Robinson, Jancis (2015). "Skin contact". The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198705383.
    14. ↑ "Fermentation". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2026-01-11.
    15. ↑ A nectar for 7500 years, Philippe Testard-Vaillant, CNRS, consulted on 4 June 2010 (in French)
    16. ↑ Jean-Pierre Brun, Archeology of Wine and Oil in Prehistory in the Hellenistic era, Éditions Errance, Hespérides collection, Paris, September 2004, 588 pages, ISBN 2-87772-285-6 (in French)
    17. ↑ Jean Bottéro, The oldest cuisine in the world, Points, Points History collection, Paris, 12 October 2006, 208 pages, ISBN 2-84749-000-0 (in French)
    18. ↑ Phillips, Roderick (2000). A Short History of Wine. HarperCollins. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0066212821.
    19. ↑ Unwin, Tim (1996). Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. Routledge. pp. 110–115. ISBN 978-0415144162.
    20. ↑ Fleming, Stuart J. (2001). Vinum: The Story of Roman Wine. Artisans Press. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-0966302042.
    21. ↑ McGovern, Patrick E. (2019-10-01). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19896-5.
    22. ↑ "Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
    23. ↑ "Weißer Heunisch". wein.plus (in German). Retrieved 2025-03-24.
    24. ↑ "1453 - Wine after the fall of Constantinople". Wines of Greece. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    25. ↑ Phillips, Roderick (2000). A Short History of Wine. HarperCollins. pp. 132–134. ISBN 978-0066212821.
    26. ↑ "History of Chilean viticulture". Trekkingchile. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    27. ↑ Oldenburg, Federico (2022-09-03). "The first grape to arrive in the Americas". Selectus Wines.
    28. ↑ "Winemaking and Climate Change: Lessons from the Little Ice Age". This Day in Wine History. 2022-07-29.
    29. ↑ "The History of Sparkling Wine". MacRostie Winery. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    30. ↑ "The Story of Tokaji, the Wine of Kings". This Day in Wine History. 2023-04-07.
    31. ↑ "Tokaji decoded: the science behind Hungary's iconic sweet wines". WSET. 2024-12-09.
    32. ↑ "History of Sauternes". Château Lamothe Guignard. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    33. ↑ Johnson, Hugh (2004). The Story of Wine. Mitchell Beazley. pp. 331–335. ISBN 978-1840009729.
    34. ↑ "The history of the champagne bottle". Champagne.fr. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    35. ↑ Phillips, Roderick (2000). A Short History of Wine. HarperCollins. pp. 241–245.
    36. ↑ Guy, Kolen P. (2003). When Champagne Became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 32–35.
    37. ↑ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). economics.adelaide.edu.au. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    38. ↑ Lapsley, James. "The UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology: A Brief History". UC Davis. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    39. ↑ "Temperature Control in Fermentation". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 2025-12-24.
    40. ↑ Jackson, Ronald S. (2020). Wine Science: Principles and Applications. Academic Press. p. 412.
    41. ↑ Robinson, Jancis (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. pp. 450–452.
    42. ↑ Evolution of world wine production and consumption by colour (PDF) (Report). International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV). 2023. Retrieved 2025-12-24.
    43. ↑ Winery, Zeginis (2024-07-31). "The Ripening Process and Chemical Changes in Grapes: Insights from Wine Grower Dimitris". zeginiswinery. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    44. ↑ "Le journal d'iDealwine sur l'actualité du vin" (in French). Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    45. ↑ Ice wine in Canada
    46. ↑ "Sweet & Fortified Wine". Wine Connection. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    47. ↑ Robinson, Jancis (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. p. 642.
    48. ↑ Zraly, Kevin (2021). Windows on the World Complete Wine Course. Sterling Epicure. p. 15.
    49. ↑ "Wine Serving Temperatures". WSET. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    50. ↑ Chartier, François (2012). Taste Buds and Molecules: The Art and Science of Food, Wine, and Flavor. Wiley. pp. 24–28.
    51. 1 2 Ed McCarthy (Author), Mary Ewing-Mulligan (Author), Ivan-Paul Cassetari (Adapted by), Laure Liger (Adapted by); Wine for Idiots, First Éditions générales, Pour les Nuls, 2007, 540 pages, p. 379-382, ISBN 2754009612 (in French)
    52. ↑ Pierre Casamayor, The School of Alliances, Dishes and Wines, Hachette pratique, October 2000, ISBN 2012364616 (in French)
    53. ↑ Robinson, Jancis (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. p. 26.
    54. ↑ Simon, Joanna (1996). Wine with Food. Mitchell Beazley. p. 44.
    55. ↑ Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef. Wiley. p. 312.
    56. ↑ "Pairing Wine with Spicy Food". GuildSomm. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    57. ↑ "Why White Wine is Better with Cheese than Red". Wine Enthusiast. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    58. ↑ Robinson, Jancis (2015). The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. p. 152.
    59. ↑ "Cheese: The Best Companion to Jura Wine - Falstaff". www.falstaff.com. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    60. ↑ "Wine and Chocolate Pairing". Wine Folly. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    61. ↑ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Scribner. pp. 154–155.
    62. ↑ Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef. Wiley. p. 315.
    63. ↑ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Scribner. pp. 66–67.
    64. ↑ "The Science of Cheese Fondue". Compound Interest. Retrieved 2025-12-28.
    65. ↑ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking. p. 157.
    66. ↑ Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef. Wiley. pp. 312, 645.
    67. ↑ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. Scribner. pp. 157, 294.
    68. ↑ Child, Julia (2001). Mastering the Art of French Cooking. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 226.
    69. ↑ "Cooking with Wine". Food Network. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
    70. ↑ "FoodData Central: Wine, white". U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2026-01-13.
    71. 1 2 3 "Nutrition Facts for White Wine". My Food Data. Retrieved 2026-01-13.
    72. 1 2 Valdez, Jonathan. "White Wine Nutrition Facts and Health Tips". Verywell Fit. Retrieved 2026-01-13.
    73. ↑ A white wine enriched with polyphenols, vitisphère website, consulted on 18 August 2013 (in French)
    74. ↑ Sulphites, one of the ten priority food allergens Archived 2016-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, Health Canada website, consulted on 18 August 2013
    75. ↑ Food Additives Archived 2013-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, June 2006, EUFIC : The European Food Information Council, consulted on 18 August 2013
    76. ↑ Wine (intolerance), Vulgaris-Médical, encyclopédie médicale, consulted on 9 January 2011 (in French)
    77. ↑ Hardness and pH of water, E=MC², consulted on 26 April 2010 (in French)
    78. ↑ "A tooth against white wine", Radio Canada, consulted on 26 April 2010 (in French)
    79. ↑ Nutrition, Alcohol and cirrhosis, Institut Danone website, consulted on 18 August 2013 (in French)
    80. ↑ A glass of wine a day for liver and good health, futura-sciences website, consulted on 26 April 2010 (in French)
    81. ↑ "Drinking Wine, Particularly White Wine, May Help Keep Lungs Healthy, University At Buffalo Study Finds".
    82. ↑ "The Health Benefits of White Wine".
    83. ↑ Tselepis, Alexandros D.; Evangelia S. Lourida; Panagiotis C. Tzimas; Ioannis G. Roussis (2005). "Comparative Antioxidant Effectiveness of White and Red Wine and Their Phenolic Extracts Towards Low". Food Biotechnology. 19 (1–14). doi:10.1081/FBT-200049045. S2CID 83958336. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.

    Other websites

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