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Voiced labial–velar approximant

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Voiced labial–velar approximant
w
IPA Number170
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)w
Unicode (hex)U+0077
X-SAMPAw
Braille⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)

The voiced labial–velar approximant is a consonant sound, used in some spoken languages including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet.[1] Similarly, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel [u].

Features

[change | change source]

Features of the voiced labial–velar approximant:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract enough for it to not be a vowel, but not enough to make a hissing type of noise (a fricative).
  • Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is produced with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate while rounding the lips.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[change | change source]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazауаҩы/auaòy[awaˈɥə]'human'See Abkhaz phonology
AlemannicBernese GermanGiel[ɡ̊iə̯w]'boy'Allophone of [l]
ArabicModern Standard[2]وَرْد/ward[ward]'rose'See Arabic phonology
Assameseৱাশ্বিংটন/washington[waʃiŋtɔn]'Washington'
Assyrianܟܬܒ̣ܐ [[[Syriac alphabet|ctava]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help)[ctaːwa]'book'Most speakers. [v] and [ʋ] are used in the Urmia dialects.
Basquelau[law]'four'
Belarusianвоўк/voŭk[vɔwk]'wolf'See Belarusian phonology
Bengaliওয়াদা/uada[wada]'promise'Allophone of [o] and [u] when preceding a vowel word-initially. See Bengali phonology
Berber ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/awal [æwæl] 'speech'
Catalan[3]quart[ˈkwɑɾt]'fourth'Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology
ChineseCantonese挖/waataudio speaker icon[wɑːt̚˧]'dig'See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin挖/wāaudio speaker icon[wa̠˥]See Mandarin phonology
Danishhav[hɑw]'ocean'Allophone of [v]
DutchColloquialkouwe[ˈkʌu̯wə]'cold'Lenited allophone of /d/ after /ʌu̯/. See Dutch phonology
Standard Surinamesewelp[wɛɫp]'cub'May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.[4][5] Corresponds to [ʋ] in most of the Netherlands and to [β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology
Englishweep[wiːp]'weep'See English phonology
Esperantoaŭto['awto]'car'See Esperanto phonology
French[6]oui[wi]'yes'See French phonology
GermanQuelle[kweːlə]'source'Some regions
Hawaiian[7]wikiwiki[wikiwiki]'fast'May also be realized as [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
HebrewOrientalכּוֹחַ/kowaḥ[ˈkowaħ]'power'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani[8] Hindi विश्वास [ʋɪʃwaːs] 'believe' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu وشواس
Irishvóta[ˈwoːt̪ˠə]'vote'See Irish phonology
Italian[9]uomo[ˈwɔːmo]'man'See Italian phonology
Kabardianуэ/wǎaudio speaker icon[wa] (help·info)'you'
Korean왜가리/waegari[wɛɡɐɾi]'heron'See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[10]zwee[t͡swe̝ː]'two'Allophone of /v/ after /k, t͡s, ʃ/.[11] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malaywang[waŋ]'money'
Mayan Yucatec witz [wit͡s] 'mountain'
Nepaliहावा[ɦäwä]'wind'See Nepali phonology
Odia[12]ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍/agrawāl[ɔgɾɔwäl]'Agrawal'
Pashtoﻭﺍﺭ/war[wɑr]'one time'
PersianDariورزش/warzeš[wærzeʃ]'sport'
Colloquialون/naw[now], [næw]'new'As a diphthong.
Polish[13]łaskaaudio speaker icon[ˈwäskä] (help·info)'grace'See Polish phonology. Corresponds to [ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects
Portuguese[14]Most dialectsquando[ˈkwɐ̃du]'when'Post-lexically after /k/ and /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology
boa[ˈbow.wɐ]'good' (f.)Epenthetic glide or allophone of /u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.[15]
General Brazilianqual[ˈkwaw]'which'Allophone of /l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.[14]
Romaniandulău[d̪uˈl̪əw]'mastiff'See Romanian phonology
Serbo-CroatianCroatian[16]vuk[wûːk]'wolf'Allophone of /ʋ/ before /u/.[16] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sericmiique[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]'person'Allophone of /m/
Slovene[17][18]cerkev[ˈt͡sèːrkəw]'church'Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable coda.[17][18] Voiceless [ʍ] before voiceless consonants. See Slovene phonology
Sothosewa[ˈsewa]'epidemic'See Sesotho phonology
Spanish[19]cuanto[ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞]'as much'See Spanish phonology
Swahilimwanafunzi[mwɑnɑfunzi]'student'
SwedishCentral Standard[20][gå] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |date= (help)[gʷoː]'go'Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels /ɔ, oː/. See Swedish phonology
Tagalogaraw[ˈɐɾaw]'day'See Tagalog phonology
Thaiแหวน /waen[wɛn˩˩˦]'ring'
Ukrainianвовк/voŭk[vɔwk]'wolf'See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese[21]tuần[t̪wən˨˩]'week'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshgwae[ɡwaɨ]'woe'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianskowe[skoːwə]'to shove'
  1. ↑ Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-13, retrieved 2022-07-12; see the examples on the fifth page.
  2. ↑ Watson (2002), p. 13.
  3. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
  4. ↑ "Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)". www.meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  5. ↑ "Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  6. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 75.
  7. ↑ Pukui & Elbert (1986), p. xvii.
  8. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  9. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  10. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
  11. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
  12. ↑ Masica (1991), p. 107.
  13. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  14. 1 2 Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
  15. ↑ France (2004).
  16. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999), p. 68.
  17. 1 2 Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
  18. 1 2 Greenberg (2006), p. 18.
  19. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  20. ↑ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  21. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

[change | change source]
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