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Tonga

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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Tonga, [b] bisa hukuma Masarautar Tonga, [c] tsibiri ce a cikin Polynesia, wani yanki na Oceania. Kasar tana da tsibirai 171, daga cikinsu akwai 45 daga cikinsu[1] Gabaɗayan samansa kusan kilomita 750 (290 sq mi), ya warwatse sama da 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) a kudancin Tekun Pasifik. Tun daga 2021, a cewar Johnson's Tribune, Tonga tana da yawan jama'a 104,494, [2] [3] [4] 70% waɗanda ke zaune a babban ri, Tongatapu. Kasar ta kai kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi; 430 nmi) arewa-kudu. An kewaye ta da Fiji da Wallis da Futuna (Faransa) su ma [5] Wayewar Lapita ce ta fara zama a Tonga kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, mazauna Polynesia waɗanda a hankali suka samo asali da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin ƙabila, harshe, da al'adu a matsayin mutanen Tongan. Nan da nan suka kafa kafa mai karfi a fadin Kudancin Pacific, kuma wannan lokaci na fadada Tongan da mulkin mallaka ana kiransa daular Tu'i Tonga. Daga mulkin sarkin Tongan na farko, `Aho`eitu, Tonga ya girma ya zama ikon yanki. Wata thalassocracy ce ta ci da sarrafa ɓangarorin Tekun Fasifik da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, daga sassan tsibirin Sulemanu da dukan New Caledonia da Fiji a yamma zuwa Samoa da Niue har ma da sassan Faransa Polynesia na zamani a gabas. Tu'i Tonga ya shahara saboda tasirin tattalin arzikinta, kabilanci, da al'adu a kan tekun Pacific, wanda ya kasance mai karfi ko da bayan juyin juya halin Samoa na karni na 13 da gano tsibiran da Turawa suka yi a 1616.[6]

[7]

[8]

'asalinyaran

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A cikin yarukan Polynesia da yawa, gami da Tongan, kalmar tonga (Tongan: [ˈtoŋa]), [9] [10] 13] ta fito ne daga fakatonga, wanda ke nufin 'kudu', kuma ana kiran tsibirin tsibirin sab<reoda ita ce rukuni mafi kudanci tsakanin kungiyoyin tsibiri na yammacin Polynesia.[11] Kalmar tonga tana da alaƙa da kalmar Hawaii ta kona ma'ana 'leeward', wanda shine asalin sunan gundumar Kona a Hawaiʻi.,[12]

Tonga ya zama sananne a Yamma a matsayin "tsibirin abokantaka" saboda liyafar da aka yiwa Kyaftin James Cook a ziyararsa ta farko a shekara ta 1773. Ya isa lokacin bikin 'inasi na shekara-shekara, wanda ke ba da gudummawar 'ya'yan itatuwa na farko ga Tu'i Tonga (sarkin tsibiran), don haka ya sami gayyata zuwa bukukuwan. Abin ban mamaki, a cewar marubuci William Mariner, a zahiri shugabannin siyasa sun so kashe Cook a yayin taron, amma ba su bi ta ba saboda sun kasa yarda da shirin aiwatar da shi.[13]

Tarihi

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Babban labarin: Tarihin Tonga

Zuwan Abel Tasman a Tongatapu, 1643; zane ta Isaack Gilsemans[14] Bisa ga tatsuniyar Tongan, gunkin Maui ya zana rukuni na tsibirai daga teku, wanda ya fara bayyana Tongatapu, da tsibiran Ha'apai da Vava'u, suka shiga cikin abin da ya zama Tonga ta zaman[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Ƙungiya mai magana da harshen Australiya da ke da alaƙa da abin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka kira al'adun Lapita da aka rufe daga tsibirin Melanesia zuwa Samoa, sa'an nan kuma suka zauna Tonga a wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 1000 BC.[20] masana har yanzu suna muhawara daidai lokacin da aka fara zama na Tonga, amma thorium dating ya tabbatar da cewa mazauna sun isa garin da aka fi sani da zama, Nukuleka, ta 888 BC, ± 8 shekaru.[21] an raba tarihin tuntuɓar na Tonga ta hanyar tarihin baka, wanda aka watsa daga tsara zuwa tsara.[22] [23] By [24]

William Mariner matashin jirgin ruwa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda aka ɗauke shi cikin dangin sarauta na Tongan. Mutanen Tongan sun fara haduwa da Turawa ne a shekara ta 1616, lokacin da jirgin ruwan kasar Holland Eendracht, wanda kyaftin din Willem Schouten, ya kai wata gajeriyar ziyara a tsibiran da nufin yin kasuwanci. Daga baya, wasu masu binciken Dutch sun isa, ciki har da Jacob Le Maire (wanda ya ziyarci tsibirin Niuatoputapu na arewacin); da Abel Tasman (wanda ya ziyarci Tongatapu da Haʻapai) a shekara ta 1643. Daga baya manyan maziyartan Turai sun haɗa da James Cook, na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Biritaniya, a 1773, 1774, da 1777; Mai binciken Sojan Ruwa na Spain Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa a 1781; Alessandro Malaspina a shekara ta 1793; ’yan mishan na London na farko a 1797; da Ministan Methodist na Wesleyan, Reverend Walter Lawry,[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]

Alakar kasashen waje

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Karin bayani: Alakar kasashen waje ta Tonga Matangi Tonga ya kwatanta manufofin waje na Tonga a cikin Janairu 2009 a matsayin "Duba Gabas" - musamman, kamar kulla dangantakar diflomasiya da tattalin arziki da Asiya (wanda a zahiri ya ta'allaka ne ga arewa maso yammacin masarautar Pacific). Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, kasar Sin ta samu babban tasiri a kasar Tonga, da samar da kudaden gudanar da ayyukan more rayuwa, ciki har da sabon gidan sarauta, da kuma rike kashi biyu bisa uku na bashin kasar waje.[30] [31] [32] ,[33] [34] [35] Tonga na kula da kyakkyawar alaka da Amurka. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da kyautata dangantaka da Burtaniya, amma kasashen biyu ba sa kulla alaka ta kut da kut. Burtaniya ta rufe babbar hukumarta a Tonga a shekara ta 2006, kodayake an sake kafa ta a watan Janairun 2020 bayan shafe shekaru 14 ba ta yi ba. Dangantakar Tonga da ikon yankin Oceania, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, tana da kyau.[36] ] [37] [38] Tonga tana da alaƙar yanki mai ƙarfi a cikin Pacific. Cikakken memba ne na Dandalin Tsibirin Fasifik, Hukumar Kula da Geoscience ta Kudancin Pacific, Kungiyar Yawon shakatawa ta Kudancin Pacific, Shirin Muhalli na Yanki na Pacific, da Sakatariya na Community Pacific.[39] [40] A cikin 2023, gwamnatocin Tonga da sauran tsibiran da ke fama da sauyin yanayi (Fiji, Niue, Tsibiran Solomon, Tuvalu da Vanuatu) sun ƙaddamar da "Kira ta Port Vila don Adalci Canje-canje zuwa Burbushin Man Fetur Free Pacific", suna kira ga kawar da mai da kuma "mai sauri kuma kawai sauyi" zuwa sabunta makamashi da kuma ƙarfafa dokar namuhalli, ciki har da a ciki ecocide.[41] [42] [43] [44]

Siyasa

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Babban labarin: Siyasar Tonga

Sarki George, na Tsibirin Abokai (1852)11[45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] Tonga sarauta ce ta tsarin mulki. Ita ce kawai sarautar 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin tsibiran Pacific (duba kuma Hawai'i). Girmama sarki ya maye gurbin wanda aka yi a ƙarni na farko ga babban sarki mai tsarki, Tu'i Tonga. Ana zargin sarkin ya sabawa al'ada da da'a na Tongan. Tonga tana ba wa 'yan ƙasarta ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi ga kowa, karatun sakandare tare da kuɗaɗen ƙima, da tallafin karatu daga ƙasashen waje don karatun gaba da sakandare. [51] [52] [53] A yanzu haka kasashen Silaland da Ostireliya na nuna damuwa game da wasu ayyukan gwamnatin Tongan. [54] Bayan bin ƙa'idodin Sarauniya Sālote da shawarwarin masu ba da shawara na duniya da yawa, gwamnatin Tonga a ƙarƙashin Sarki Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV (wanda ya yi sarauta 1965-2006) ya ba da kuɗin tattalin arziki, ya ba da damar tsarin kiwon lafiya da na ilimi, kuma ya ba da damar jama'a don haɓaka nau'ikan arziƙin abin duniya (gidaje, motoci, da dai sauransu), tafiye-tafiye, tafiye-tafiye, ilimi da sauran suha Luwadi namiji haramun ne a Tonga,,,[55] tare da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari,[56] anma ba a aiwatar da doka ba[34]. Tongans suna da damar yin amfani da tsarin kula da lafiya na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Kundin tsarin mulkin Tonga ya kare ikon mallakar filaye; Ba za a iya sayar da fili ga baƙi (ko da yake ana iya yin hayar). [57] [58]

Soja

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Babban labarin: Ayyukan Tsaro na Tonga Gwamnatin Tongan ta goyi bayan matakin "haɗin kai na son rai" na Amurka a Iraki tare da tura sojoji fiye da 40 (a matsayin wani ɓangare na sojojin Amurka) a ƙarshen 2004. Tawagar ta koma gida a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2004.[59] A cikin 2007, tawaga ta biyu ta je Iraki, kuma an aika da wasu biyu a cikin 2008 a matsayin wani bangare na ci gaba da goyon bayan kawancen. An kammala shigar da ƙasar Tongan a ƙarshen 2008 ba tare da rahotonh an asarar rayuka ba. [60] [61] A shekara ta 2010, Birgediya Janar Tau`aika `Uta`atu, kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Tonga, ya sanya hannu a wata yarjejeniya a birnin Landan, inda ya sanya akalla dakaru 200 aiki tare da dakarun Biritaniya na Taimakon Tsaro a Afganistan. An kammala aikin a watan Afrilun 2014, kuma Birtaniya ta ba da lambar yabo ta Ayyukan Ayyuka ga kowane sojan da ke da hannu yayin wani fareti da aka gudanar a Tonga.[62] [63] Tonga ya ba da gudummawar sojoji da 'yan sanda a rikicin Bougainville a Papua New Guinea da kuma rundunar RAMSI karkashin jagorancin Australia a tsibirin Solomon.

Bangaren gudanarwa Ƙarin bayani: sassan gudanarwa na Tonga Tonga ya kasu kashi biyar na gudanarwa: `Eua, Ha`apai, Niuas, Tongatapu, da Vava`u.[[64] [65]

Ilimin halittu

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Tonga ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka masu zafi masu zafi na Tongan.[66] [67] A Tonga, tun daga almara na Tongan, ana ɗaukar jemagu masu tashi da tsarki kuma su ne mallakar masarauta. Don haka, ana kiyaye su kuma ba za a iya cutar da su ko farauta ba. Sakamakon haka, jemagu masu yawo sun bunƙasa a yawancin tsibiran Tonga.[[68] [69]


Wattled mai cin zuma a Tonga Rayuwar tsuntsu na Tonga sun haɗa da jimlar shekarun 73, waɗanda biyu suke matuƙar kyau, na wonan wnistler da na Tongan. Mutane sun bullo da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar, kuma takwas ba kasafai ba ne ko kuma na bazata. Dabbobi bakwai suna fuskantar barazana a duniya.

Tattalin Arziki

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Babban labarin: Tattalin Arzikin Tonga

tsabar kudin Tongan cent daya (seniti taha). [70] Nuku Island, Vava'u Tattalin arzikin Tonga yana da babban ɓangaren da ba na kuɗi ba da kuma dogaro mai yawa akan kuɗin da aka tura daga rabin al'ummar ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje (musamman a Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Amurka). Iyalan sarauta da manyan mutane ne suka mamaye kuma galibi sun mallaki sashin kuɗi na tattalin arziƙi - musamman harkokin sadarwa da sabis na tauraron dan adam. Mujallar Forbes ta nada Tonga a matsayin kasa ta shida a cikin cin hanci da rashawa a duniya a shekarar 2008.[71]

Tonga ya kasance wuri na 165th mafi aminci ga saka hannun jari a duniya a cikin Maribgss 2011 Euromoney Country Risk martaba.[72]

Bangaren masana'antu ya ƙunshi sana'o'in hannu da wasu ƙananan masana'antu, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na GDP.[73]

Noma

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A Tonga, noma da gandun daji (tare da kamun kifi) suna samar da mafi yawan ayyukan yi, samun kuɗin waje, da abinci.[[74]to] Mutanen Tongan na karkara sun dogara ga aikin noma da noma. Tsire-tsire da ake nomawa don amfanin gonakin kuɗi na kasuwa da amfanin gida sun haɗa da ayaba, kwakwa, wake kofi, wake vanilla, da kuma tushen amfanin gona irin su rogo, dankalin turawa, da Taro. Ya zuwa 2001, kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar noma tana cikin tushen amfanin gona.[75] [76] [77] Yin sarrafa kwakwa zuwa cikin kwakwa da busasshiyar (bushe) kwakwa ya taɓa kasancewa babbar masana'anta, kuma kawai fitarwar kasuwanci. Tabarbarewar farashi a kasuwannin duniya da rashin sake dasa shi ya kawo wannan masana'antar da ta taɓa yin ƙwazo, kamar yadda a yawancin ƙasashen tsibiran Kudancin Pacific, suka tsaya cik. ,[78] Alade da kaji sune manyan nau'ikan dabbobi. Ana ajiye dawakai ne don daftarin dalilai, da farko ta manoman da ke aiki ʻapi ʻuta (filin daji); ko da yake naman ma ana sha’awar[79] Ana kara kiwon shanu, kuma shigo da naman sa yana raguwa[80]

[81] ] .[[82] [83]

Makamashi

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Makamashi a Tonga galibi yana fitowa ne daga dizal da ake shigowa da shi.[84] An yi hasashen amfani da makamashi a Tonga zai kai kusan awanni gigawatt 66 nan da shekarar 2020.[85] ta yi niyyar kaiwa kashi 50% na makamashin da ake sabuntawa nan da shekarar 2020.[86] A cikin 2019, Tonga ta ba da sanarwar gina wata gonar hasken rana mai ƙarfin megawatt 6 a Tongatapu.[87]

Alkaluma

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Babban labarin: Alƙaluman jama'a na Tonga

Yawan jama'ar Tonga (1961-2003) cikin dubbai Sama da kashi 70% na mazaunan 106,017[88] [89] zaune a babban tsibiri, Tongatapu. Ko da yake yawan mutanen Tongan sun ƙaura zuwa cikin birni da cibiyar kasuwanci ɗaya tilo, Nukuʻalofa, inda al'adun Turai da na 'yan asali suka haɗu, dangantakar ƙauye da dangi na da tasiri a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk da ƙaura, Tonga ta ƙaru daga kusan 32,000 a cikin 1930s zuwa fiye da 90,000 ta 1976.[90]

Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci a Tonga Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun kashi Tongan   97.03% Kashi na Tongan   0.79% Sinanci   0.73% Fijiyan   0.3% Bature   0.25% Indo-Fijian   0.12% Wani dan tsibirin Pacific   0.2% Sauran Asiya   0.19% Sauran   0.37% Ba a bayyana ba   [91] rikici Nukuʻalofa na shekarar 2006 ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin kasuwanci mallakar kasar Sin, wanda ya kai ga yin hijira na Sinawa daruruwa[92] ta yadda kusan 300 suka ragu.[93]

Harsuna

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Tongan shine harshen hukuma, [7] tare da Ingilishi. Tongan yaren Polynesia ne na reshen Tongic don haka yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan reshen Tongic, waɗanda su ne: Niuean da Niuafo'ouan. Tongan yana da alaƙa da sauran harsunan Polynesia kamar Hawaiian, Samoan, Māori, da Tahitian, da sauransu.43[94]

Ilimi

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Babban labarin: Ilimi a Tonga Ilimin firamare tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 wajibi ne kuma kyauta a makarantun jiha. Makarantun manufa suna bayar da kusan kashi 8% na makarantun firamare da kashi 90% na matakin sakandare. Makarantun jaha sun cika sauran. Manyan ilimi sun hada da horar da malamai, aikin jinya, da koyar da aikin likitanci, karamar jami'a mai zaman kanta, kwalejin kasuwanci ta mata, da wasu makarantun aikin gona masu zaman kansu. Yawancin matakan ilimi ana bin su a ,[95] [96]

ƙasashen waje

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[97] Tongans suna jin daɗin ingantaccen matakin ilimi, tare da ƙimar karatun 98.9%, [98] da ilimi mafi girma har zuwa kuma gami da digiri na likitanci da digiri na biyu (wanda ake bi galibi a ƙasashen waje). Suna ɗaukar nauyin ilimin ilimi da malamansu suka ƙirƙira da kuma tarin Kukū Kaunaka, wanda ya haɗa da kowane digiri na digiri da digiri na biyu da kowane Tongan ya rubuta a kowace ƙasa Seu'ula Johansson-Fua ne ya adana shi a Cibiyar Ilimi a Tonga.[99] [100] [101] [102]

Hijira

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Tongan na zamani galibi suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƙasashen ketare. Yawancin mutanen Tongan sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, New Zealand, ko Amurka don neman aiki da mafi girman matsayin rayuwa. [103] A cikin 2018, Tongans 82,389 sun rayu a New Zealand.[[104] [105] jaYa zuwa 2000, Tongas 36,840 suna zaune a Amurka.[106] Fiye da mutanen h sh sbBsbTonga 8,000 suna zaune a Ostiraliya.[107] waje na Tongan suna da kusanci da dangi a gida, [108] wani muhimmin kaso na kudin shiga na Tonga yana samuwa daga kudade [109] ] [110] ga dangin dangi (sau da yawa shekaru) waɗanda suka fi son ci gaba da zama a Tonga. [111] [112]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "The World Factbook: Tonga: Geography"
  2. ↑ "Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  3. ↑ World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  4. ↑ World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  6. ↑ see writings of Ata of Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimaleali'ifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, pp. 133–
  7. ↑ , Lee, ed. (2010). Coffee Culture, Destinations and Tourism. Channel View Publications. p. 112. ISBN 9781845411923.
  8. ↑ "Tonga crowns King Tupou VI in lavish public coronation, parties". ABC News. 4 July 2015. Archived from
  9. ↑ ". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  10. ↑ Churchward, C.M. (1985) Tongan grammar, Oxford University Press, ISBN
  11. ↑ , Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. (2005). "Tonga". The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-558451-6. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  12. ↑ | English – Tongan Translator". www.tongantranslator.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Mariner, William and Martin, John (1817). An account of the natives of the Tonga islands in the south Pacific Ocean: With an original grammar and vocabulary of their language. Compiled and arranged from the extensive communications of Mr. William Mariner, several years' resident in those islands, Volume 2, pp. 64–65 Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  14. ↑ Tonga Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  15. ↑ Maui's Fish Hook". Tonga Time. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  16. ↑ , William (1975). The hah Great United States Exploring Expedition. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0520025578.
  17. ↑ "FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  18. ↑ Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?". Vice.com. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  19. ↑ history of the Constitution of Tonga". Australian foreign affairs record. Vol. 51, no. 11. 29 November 1980. pp. 416–419. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – vira National Library of Australia.
  20. ↑ . Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997) The Lapita Peoples, Wiley, ISBN 1-57718-036-4.
  21. ↑ "High precision U/Th dating of first Polynesian settlement"
  22. ↑ Robert Langdon (ed.) (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p. 234. ISBN 086784471X
  23. ↑ Woodcock, "Tonga: The Last of the Victorians." History Today (1975) 25#1 pp. 31–39
  24. ↑ women drown in Peru because of Tonga volcano". Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022 – via South China Morning Post
  25. ↑ Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  26. ↑ "FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family". www.fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  27. ↑ : Tsunami waves hit Pacific country after huge underwater volcano eruption". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  28. ↑ "Prime Minister defends Deputy's 'no sirens' reply as tsunami death toll rises to four"
  29. ↑ Torchinsky, Rina (18 January 2022). "An undersea cable fault could cut Tonga from the rest of the world for weeks". NPR. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  30. ↑ "Six Island Nations Commit to 'Fossil Fuel-Free Pacific,' Demand Global Just Transition". www.commondreams.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  31. ↑ Climate Guides – Plan Your Ideal Holiday Trip". Weather2Travel. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  32. ↑ Climate Summary Archived 17 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Tongan Court Case Over Wrongful Imprisonment Recommences". Radio NZ. 31 July 2002. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  34. ↑ crowd leaves leaves trail of wreckage in Nuku'alofa". Matangitonga.to. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  35. ↑ Ligaiula, Pita (17 March 2023). "Port Vila call for a just transition to a fossil fuel free Pacific | PINA". Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  36. ↑ Luthi, Susannah (29 August 2021). "Meth, Vanilla and 'Gulags': How China Has Overtaken the South Pacific One Island at a Time". Politico. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.,
  37. ↑ Tonga's king to cede key powers". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  38. ↑ deployment to Tonga, 2006". 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  39. ↑ 蘋果日報 – 20120319 – 患血癌染肺炎 搶救數日無效湯加國王 駕崩瑪麗醫院. Appledaily News HK. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  40. ↑ "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
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Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&oldid=720963"