纽约时报
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 |
| 纽约时报 The New York Times | |
|---|---|
| 所有适合刊载的新闻 All the News That's Fit to Print | |
1851年9月18日创刊号頭版 | |
| 類型 | 日报 |
| 版式 | 大报 |
| 持有者 | 纽约时报公司 |
| 創辦者 | 亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德 乔治·琼斯 |
| 出版商 | 阿瑟·格瑞格·索尔兹伯格 |
| 編輯 | 迪恩·巴奎特 |
| 执行主编 | 周看 |
| 社评编辑 | 凯瑟琳·金斯伯里(代理)[1] |
| 体育编辑 | 杰森·斯托曼[2] |
| 摄影编辑 | 米歇尔·麦克纳利 |
| 作者群 | 1,300名新闻部门人员(2016年) |
| 創刊日 | 1851年9月18日(最初為《紐約每日時報》) |
| 政治立場 | 自由主義 |
| 总部 | |
| 發行量 | |
| ISSN | 0362-4331 |
| OCLC 编号 | 1645522 |
| 售價 |
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| 網站 |
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《纽约时报》(英語:The New York Times,简写为NYT或NY Times),有时也被称为《时报》(The Times,注意和英国《泰晤士报》区分),是一份总部设在纽约的美国报纸,创办于1851年,其影响力和读者群覆盖全球[5][6]。绰号“灰色女士”(the Gray Lady),在业内一直被视为全国性的“档案记录报”[7]。报纸的座右铭是“所有适合刊载的新闻”(All the News That's Fit to Print),出现在头版的左上角。《纽约时报》共获得了130项普利策奖,是获得最多此奖项的报纸。按发行量计算,它在全球排名第18位,在美国排名第3位[8]。
该报纸隶属于上市公司纽约时报公司。自1896年以来,该公司一直通过双层股权结构为索尔兹伯格家族所有[9]。阿瑟·格瑞格·索尔兹伯格和他的父亲小阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格,分别是报纸出版者和公司董事长,是掌管报纸的第四代和第五代家族成员[10]。
从20世纪70年代中期起,《纽约时报》扩展它的版面和组织,在常规新闻、社论、体育和特写的基础上,每周增设各种专题的特别版面。自2008年以来,《纽约时报》已经被组织成以下部分:新闻、社论/观点专栏/评论、纽约(大都市)、商业、体育、艺术、科学、时尚、家庭、旅行和其他特色。星期日,《纽约时报》还会有《星期日评论》(Sunday Review)(以前是《评论周刊》(Week in Review)[11]、《紐約時報書評》(The New York Times Book Review)、《纽约时报杂志》(The New York Times Magazine)[12]和《T Magazine》(T: The New York Times Style Magazine)[13]作为补充。
《纽约时报》在大多数报纸改为六栏版面之后,几年来一直保持着大报、整版和八栏版面[14],也是最后一批采用彩色照片的报纸之一,尤其是在头版[15]。
历史
[编辑]早期
[编辑]1851年9月18日,亨利·J·雷蒙德和乔治·琼斯创立了《纽约每日时报》(The New-York Daily Times)。《纽约每日时报》最初由雷蒙德琼斯公司负责发行[16],早期投资人包括埃德温·巴伯·摩根[17]、克里斯托弗·摩根[18]和爱德华·B·韦斯利[19]。最初售价为1便士(相当于2020年的0.31美元)。创刊号试图解决发行前对其目的和立场的各种猜测[20]:
在我们认为保守主义对公共利益至关重要的所有情况下,我们将是保守派;而在我们看来需要激进处理和激进改革的所有情况下,我们将是激进派。我们不相信社会上的一切都完全正确或完全错误;好的东西我们希望保留和改进;坏的东西则要消灭或改革。
1852年,《纽约每日时报》的西部分刊《加利福尼亚时报》(The Times of California)创刊,每当纽约邮轮停靠加利福尼亚时,该报就会随船到来。然而,随着加州当地报纸的逐步崛起后,该报逐步衰微[21]。
1857年9月14日,该报纸正式将其名称缩短为《纽约时报》(The New-York Times)。1896年12月1日,“New-York”中的连接号被除去[22]。1861年4月21日,《纽约时报》开始出版周日版,以提供对内战的每日报道。
紐約徵兵暴動期间,《纽约时报》的总部曾遭到袭击。时报创始人之一亨利·贾维斯·雷蒙德曾在纽约市政厅对面的柏路上亲自使用加特林机枪阻击暴徒。暴徒后来转移方向袭击霍勒斯·格里利的《纽约论坛报》办公室,最后被渡过東河前来援助曼哈頓政府的布鲁克林市警察击退[23]。
1869年,亨利·雷蒙德去世。雷蒙德去世后,《纽约时报》的发行人一职也由乔治·琼斯接替[24]。

1870–1871年间,《纽约时报》的影响力有所增长,期间该报发表了一系列关于纽约市民主党领导人威廉·特威德及“坦慕尼协会”的揭露报道,并使得特威德集团下台[25]。特威德曾试图向《纽约时报》提供500万美元的封口费[17]。
19世纪80年代前的纽约时报社论版文章通常持有支持共和党候选人的立场,但在这十年里社论版逐步过渡到重视独立、分析性文章的立场[26]。1884年美國總統選舉中,《纽约时报》宣布支持民主党候选人格罗弗·克利夫兰[27]。这一举措使得该报共和党读者数一度骤减(1883–1884年间的收入从18万8000美元降至5万6000美元),但没过多久该报便重拾影响力[28]。
奥克斯时代
[编辑]
1891年琼斯去世。琼斯去世后,查尔斯·兰森·米勒和《纽约时报》的其他编辑举资100万美元(约合今日的3500万美元)收购了《纽约时报》,并以纽约时报出版公司的名义负责发行[29][30]。没过几年,该报又深陷1893年恐慌带来的危机之中[28]。到1896年,该报的发行量已不足为9000份,且每日亏损1000美元。同年,阿道夫·奥克斯花7万5000元收购了濒于破产的时报[31]。
收购《纽约时报》后不久,奥克斯提出了《纽约时报》的格言:“所有值得印刷的新闻”(All the News That's Fit to Print)。该格言最早出现于1896年9月刊中,自1897年初开始被印在头版左上角的方框中。这句格言也是对同行的一句嘲讽,因为,当时包括约瑟夫·普利策的《纽约世界报》和威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特的《纽约日报》在内的一些报纸以对事实和观点的煽情和经常不准确的报道闻名,而这些在19世纪末被称为“黄色新闻”[32]。
一战后的扩张
[编辑]
1935年5月奥克斯去世后一个月,其女婿索尔兹伯格接过时报发行人的大印。索尔兹伯格领导时报度过了经济大萧条的危机和二战的艰苦岁月,在他任内20多年,时报的新闻采访范围进一步扩大,广告收入翻了一倍,技术设备得到极大的更新。
1960年代,纽约时报参与曝光“五角大楼文件”。1964年,纽约时报在纽约时报诉沙利文案中胜诉,确立了言论自由中真实恶意的原则。
《纽约时报》第四代发行人是索尔兹伯格的独子,人称“彭区”的阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格,他励精图治,选拔麦森、罗森索等优秀编辑、经营人才,引进先进技术,开拓多元化经营。彭区在任30年,时报走出了濒临崩溃的困境,积累了雄厚的物质基础,1963年时报的总收入为1亿美元,到1991年,时报总公司的收入已达17亿美元,在这一过程中,《纽约时报》也完成了由家族式经营向市场式经营的转型。
1992年,经过多年培养后,彭区将时报发行人大印传给儿子,这便是《纽约时报》的第五任掌门人——小阿瑟·奥茨·索尔兹伯格。[33]小阿瑟比父辈更追逐利润,他试图促成《纽约时报》平民化,使各种人群都能够接受,因此涉及“煽情新闻”,使得《时报》一度失去公众的信任。1996年1月19日,紐約時報網站nytimes.com正式上線。[34]
21世紀
[编辑]
2008年12月受到次級房貸風暴和延伸的全球經濟衰退影響,出現週轉問題,將總部大樓抵押貸款。[35]2009年1月20日向墨西哥富翁和电信巨头Carlos Slim Helu借款2.50亿。3月9日将新大楼股份作价2.25亿出售回租(sale-leaseback agreement)。保留在2019年之前以2.50亿买回的权利。[36]
2011年3月,引进新的“付费墙”(paywall)商业模式。[37]2012年6月28日,纽约时报中文网上线,旨在向中国读者介绍《纽约时报》的优秀作品。[38][39]在开通当日,《纽约时报》经过新浪认证的微博帐号就无法转发和评论,第二天更被删除,虽然之后曾经短暂恢复,但最终还是被删除。[40]而《纽约时报》在腾讯、网易、搜狐的账号一样被全部删除。新浪的账号在同年10月10日被恢复。
2012年8月14日,英国广播公司(BBC)前总裁马克·汤普森(Mark Thompson)被任命为《纽约时报》新任执行总裁。[41]2020年7月22日,纽约时报宣布玛丽迪斯·K·莱文(Meredith Kopit Levin)将接替汤普森出任其首席执行官兼总裁;莱文履新的日期為2020年9月8日。
內容
[编辑]
銷售
[编辑]《紐約時報》在2025年8月共有1,188萬訂閱者。其中數位版有113萬、紙本版則有58萬。公司則希望在2027年能把訂閱者提昇至1,500萬。[42]《紐約時報》的主要營收原本以廣告為主,但Vox發現在唐納·川普贏得2016年美國總統選舉後,《紐約時報》的營收已經開始依賴訂閱用戶:在2007年,其廣告收入佔63%、訂閱則為27%;到了2017年,訂閱收入佔61%,廣告收入則佔33%。[43]
2022年,Vox針對《紐約時報》的訂閱者做出深入調查,發現其與美國人口相比「更年長、更富有、膚色更白、且更偏向自由派」。《紐約時報》也為了擴展讀者群而做出很多努力:比方說,他們在2022年就併購與《紐約時報》讀者沒什麼重疊的《體育報》以外,還投資了專門做遊戲的「The New York Times Games」、並開展一連串強調訂閱戶多元性的廣告行銷。梅雷迪思·科皮特·萊維恩在報導中表示《紐約時報》訂閱者的年齡保持穩定不變,而沒有越來越年長。[44]
風格
[编辑]行文格式
[编辑]《紐約時報》自1895年創刊以來就維持一種連貫的格式。1999年,《紐約時報》內部將這些格式編列為《紐約時報風格與用語手冊》。[45]
《紐約時報》使用尊称稱呼人名,該報的審稿編輯Merrill Perlman稱此種用法為「文明的象徵」。在《美聯社格式手冊》和《华尔街日报》分別於2020年2023年放棄使用尊稱後,《紐約時報》成為美國唯一還在使用尊稱的全國性日報。[46]這種尊称用法的慣例也使肉卷的歌迷誤以為紐時稱他為「洛夫先生」(Mr. Loaf)。[47]不遵從尊稱慣例的例外有過去的體育版和《紐約時報書評》。[48]根據2011年5月洩漏的備忘錄中,紐時編輯在發表奥萨马·本·拉登之死的報導前,要求把奥萨马·本·拉登的尊稱拿掉。紐約時報的風格手冊要求不對已故歷史人物使用尊稱(例如希特勒、拿破仑、列宁等)。[49]《紐約時報》還會使用學術或軍事頭銜,來稱呼在對應領域表現突出的人。[50]1986年,《紐約時報》以Ms.稱呼女性[48],並在2015年導入了Mx.的性別中性稱呼。[51]另外,若受訪者有表達偏好的話,《紐約時報》會尊重其偏好,使用有中間名首字母的略稱。例如唐納·川普在《紐約時報》的筆下就是「Donald J. Trump」。[52]
《紐約時報》使用的用詞偏向嚴格:低俗的粗話、短語等不會採用,但不會到非常極端的地步。該報的音樂評論家Kelefa Sanneh表示在加拿大的硬核朋克團體名字「Fucked Up」不會出現在《紐約時報》的上面,而是以星號的「********」表示。Sanneh還說「除非美國總統或類似職位的人不小心把這名字說溜嘴了」,不然這名字不會印上去。[53]《紐約時報》在報導迪克·切尼對聯邦參議員派屈克·萊希講粗口時沒有提及切尼說的「fuck」一詞。[54]他們在2010年報導乔·拜登對患者保护与平价医疗法案時,也沒有提及他「big fucking deal」(幹他媽的大案)的評論。[55]粗話政策在川普治下的政府受到嚴格考驗。2016年10月。在報導录影门時候,該報就照述了川普使用的各種粗話,如「fuck」、「pussy」、「bitch」、「tits」等。這是該報首次在頭版刊登粗話。[56]在2017年7月報導時任白宮通訊主管安東尼·斯卡拉姆齊時,該報也照述了他「fucking」與「suck my own cock」的發言。[57]2018年1月,《紐約時報》在頭條報導川普的「shithole countries」發言時,省略了該稱呼,而是以「粗俗語言」稱之。[58]另外在《紐約時報》管理下的Wordle,也禁用了「bitch」、「whore」、「sluts」等答案。[59]
争议与批评
[编辑]《紐約時報》自1851年創報後,就涉及多起爭議事件。許多評論指控該報有反猶太情緒[60][61]、媒體偏見[62][63][64]等問題。在報導萨达姆·侯赛因時,其誤導性質的報導,以及對伊拉克战争的作用,也是常被批評的焦點。[65][66]
封鎖
[编辑]中国大陆
[编辑]纽约时报的网站在未知时间被中国大陆防火长城屏蔽,湯馬斯·佛里曼在2001年8月和江泽民见面并询问此事,江泽民表示不知情,时报网站几天后被解除屏蔽。[38]網站于2008年10月16日(周四)晚又被防火长城屏蔽[67],本次封锁于20日被解除[68]。
在中文網上線的前一天,即2012年6月27日,《纽约时报》在中国大陆各个网站开通认证微博,但一天後,其新浪weibo.com/nytchinese、网易t.163.com/nytchinese、搜狐nytchinese.t.sohu.com及腾讯t.qq.com/nytchinese均被销号[69]。《纽约时报》中文网自2012年6月28日上线以来至2012年10月26日止,整个网站没有被中国大陆完全屏蔽,但会对其中一些当局不愿意看到的文章进行个别动态封锁。而在中文网未推出前,英文网站曾不时被完全封锁。[38]2012年10月26日,中文网刊登了一篇揭露中国领导人家属累积巨额财富的文章《总理家人的隐秘财富》[70]后,nytimes.com全站的IP地址在中国大陆被完全屏蔽,“.nytimes.com”被防火长城加入URL关键字列表。同时,《纽约时报》的新浪微博帐号被强制删除,用户在新浪微博搜索“纽约时报”时,系统会提示“根据相关法律法规和政策,搜索结果未予显示”的信息[71]。
同日,中文网又刊登了一篇文章“《纽约时报》网站在中国大陆遭屏蔽”[72],表明了自己的观点。另不把《总理家人的隐秘财富》置於頭版。此前,彭博新闻社因报道习近平的财富,网站同样被完全封锁。[73]
GreatFire為《紐約時報》在CloudFlare等雲服務供應商上建立了多個鏡像,並在Github上存放了鏡像的網址,以規避防火長城的封鎖。2015年3月,Github及這些雲服務供應商皆遭到分佈式阻斷服務攻擊攻擊。在這些攻擊中,防火長城似乎被用作了武器,將流經它的海量網絡流量中的一部分,指向這些網站,使目標網站過載。北京中央政府的這種做法,既利用也損害了本國的互聯網公司百度,它是中國最大的搜索引擎。那些攻擊手段似乎劫持了本應流向百度的廣告和分析流量,然後再將那些流量轉移到較小的網站上。巨大的數據流可以起到讓那些網站癱瘓的效果。[74]
2015年7月,《纽约时报》发布了新版本中文手机应用,采用了不同的文章检索方式,能够绕过防火墙的封锁。但在2016年底,时报的中英两版应用在苹果公司App Store中国区均遭下架,苹果公司称“被告知该应用违反当地法规”。《纽约时报》方面要求苹果公司重新考虑此决定,向国家互联网信息办公室提出疑问则未得到回应。英國《金融時報》記者Patrick McGee在其2025年的《Apple in China》一書中引述當時的蘋果App Store負責人Philip Shoemaker說,中國政府最初要求蘋果將《紐約時報》app在全球——而非僅中國地區——App Store下架,被蘋果拒絕。(《Apple in China》第32章)[75][76]
纽约时报题材作品
[编辑]- 书籍
- 《Kingdom and power》
- 《The Trust:Private and powerful Family behind the NYT》
- 《Page One: Inside The New York Times and the Future of Journalism》by David Folkenflik and Participant Media
- 纪录片
- 同名纪录片 by Andrew Rossi and Kate Novack
參見
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]腳註
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書本來源
[编辑]- Talese, Gay. The Kingdom and the Power 2. Cleveland: World Publishing Company. 1981.
- Nagourney, Adam. The Times: How the Newspaper of Record Survived Scandal, Scorn, and the Transformation of Journalism. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. 2023. ISBN 9780451499363.
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延伸阅读
[编辑]- Davis, Elmer Holmes. History of the New York Times, 1851–1921. The New York Times. 1921.
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