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Multiple sclerosis

From Wikipedia
multiple sclerosis
designated intractable/rare disease, class of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofdemyelinating disease, demyelinating disease of central nervous system, autoimmune disease of central nervous system, disease Edit
Discoverer or inventorJean-Martin Charcot Edit
Health specialtyneurology Edit
Symptoms and signschronic neuropathic pain Edit
Medical examinationmagnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, lumbar puncture Edit
External data available at URLhttp://www.nanbyou.or.jp/entry/3806 Edit
ICD-9-CM340 Edit
ICPC 2 IDN86 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3243 Edit

Multiple sclerosis (MS) be an autoimmune disease wey dey result in damage to myelin wich be de insulating covers of nerve cells insyd de brain den spinal cord.[1] As a demyelinating disease, MS dey disrupt de nervous system ein ability to transmit signals, wey dey result insyd a range of signs and symptoms, wey dey include physical, mental, den sometimes psychiatric problems.[2][3][4] Symptoms fi include double vision, vision loss, eye pain, muscle weakness, den loss of sensation anaa coordination.[5][6]

MS dey take chaw forms of presentation:

  • New symptoms fi occur as an isolated attack; wer de patient dey experience neurological symptoms suddenly wey then dey get better (relapsing form) dem call relapsing-remitting MS wich be seen insyd 85% of patients.[7]
  • Insyd oda patients symptoms fi slowly get worse over time (progressive form) dem call primarily progressive MS dem see insyd 15% of patients.[7][8][9]
  • De patients plus relapsing- remitting MS fi experience gradual worsening of dema symptoms wey dey follow de attacks, dem dey bell dis subtype secondary progressive MS.[7] In relapsing forms of MS, symptoms fi disappear completely between attacks, although sam permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as de disease advances.[9] Insyd progressive forms of MS, de body ein function slowly dey deteriorate once symptoms manifest wey e steadily go worsen if dem lef am untreated.[10]
  • A patient fi get a single attack wey e no go meet de full criteria for being diagnosed plus MS. Dem dey bell dis a clinically isolated syndrome.[7]

While ein cause be unclear, dem dey think de underlying mechanism be secof either destruction by de immune system anaa inactivation of myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for dis dey include immune dysregulation, genetics, den environmental factors, such as viral infections.[3][11][12][13] De McDonald criteria be a frequently updated set of guidelines dem use to establish an MS diagnosis.[14]

Der be no cure for MS.[1] Current treatments dey aim to reduce inflammation den resulting symptoms from acute flares den prevent further attacks plus disease-modifying medications, wey dey aim at slowing prognosis den dey improve quality of life.[3][15] Physical therapy den occupational therapy,[16] along plus patient-centered symptom management, fi help plus people dema ability to function. De long-term outcome be difficult to predict; better outcomes more often be seen insyd women, those wey dey develop de disease early insyd life, those plus a relapsing course, den those wey initially experience few attacks.[17]

New evidence dey suggest an important role of lifestyle factors insyd de prognosis of MS, wer na dem link multiple lifestyle factors (wey dey include smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, diet den vitamin D levels.) to affecting de EDSS score wey dey depend on patients dema age, gender den disease duration.[18][19]

MS be de most common immune-mediated disorder wey dey affect de central nervous system (CNS).[20] Insyd 2020, na MS affect about 2.8 million people globally, plus rates wey dey vary widely insyd different regions den among different populations.[21] De disease usually dey begin between de ages of 20 den 50[22] wey e be almost three times more common insyd females than insyd males (3:1 ratio).[23]

Na dem first describe MS insyd 1868 by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.[24] De name "multiple sclerosis" be short for multiple cerebro-spinal sclerosis, wich dey refer to de numerous glial scars (anaa sclerae – essentially plaques anaa lesions) wey dey develop on de white matter of de brain den spinal cord.[24]

References

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  1. 1 2 "NINDS Multiple Sclerosis Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 30 June 2025. Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  2. ↑ Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet. 372 (9648): 1502–1517. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977. S2CID 195686659.
  3. 1 2 3 Compston A, Coles A (April 2002). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet. 359 (9313): 1221–1231. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-X. PMID 11955556. S2CID 14207583.
  4. ↑ Murray ED, Buttner EA, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Daroff R, Fenichel G, Jankovic J, Mazziotta J (eds.). Bradley's neurology in clinical practice (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0434-1.
  5. ↑ Piryonesi SM, Rostampour S, Piryonesi SA (April 2021). "Predicting falls and injuries in people with multiple sclerosis using machine learning algorithms". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 49 102740. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102740. PMID 33450500. S2CID 231624230.
  6. ↑ Mazumder R, Murchison C, Bourdette D, Cameron M (25 September 2014). "Falls in people with multiple sclerosis compared with falls in healthy controls". PLOS ONE. 9 (9) e107620. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j7620M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107620. PMC 4177842. PMID 25254633.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Ford, Helen (July 2020). "Clinical presentation and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis". Clinical Medicine. 20 (4). London, England: 380–383. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0292. ISSN 1473-4893. PMC 7385797. PMID 32675142.
  8. ↑ Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL (February 2018). "Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy". Neuron. 97 (4): 742–768. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021. PMID 29470968. S2CID 3499974.
  9. 1 2 Lublin FD, Reingold SC (April 1996). "Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis". Neurology. 46 (4): 907–911. doi:10.1212/WNL.46.4.907. PMID 8780061. S2CID 40213123.
  10. ↑ Loma I, Heyman R (September 2011). "Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment". Current Neuropharmacology. 9 (3): 409–416. doi:10.2174/157015911796557911. PMC 3151595. PMID 22379455.
  11. ↑ Ward M, Goldman MD (August 2022). "Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis". Continuum. 28 (4): 988–1005. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000001136. PMID 35938654. S2CID 251375096.
  12. ↑ Aloisi F, Cross AH (October 2022). "MINI-review of Epstein-Barr virus involvement in multiple sclerosis etiology and pathogenesis". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 371 577935. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577935. PMID 35931008. S2CID 251152784.
  13. ↑ Ascherio A, Munger KL (April 2007). "Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection". Annals of Neurology. 61 (4): 288–299. doi:10.1002/ana.21117. PMID 17444504. S2CID 7682774.
  14. ↑ "The McDonald criteria". MS Society UK. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
  15. ↑ McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD (February 2021). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review". JAMA. 325 (8): 765–779. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26858. PMID 33620411. S2CID 232019589.
  16. ↑ Quinn É, Hynes SM (July 2021). "Occupational therapy interventions for multiple sclerosis: A scoping review". Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 28 (5): 399–414. doi:10.1080/11038128.2020.1786160. hdl:10379/16066. PMID 32643486. S2CID 220436640.
  17. ↑ Weinshenker BG (1994). "Natural history of multiple sclerosis". Annals of Neurology. 36 (Suppl): S6-11. doi:10.1002/ana.410360704. PMID 8017890. S2CID 7140070.
  18. ↑ Wecker, Sophie; Freudenstein, David; Ganser, Iris; Angstwurm, Klemens; Lee, De-Hyung; Linker, Ralf A. (2024). "The impact of different lifestyle factors on disability in multiple sclerosis at older ages: a monocentric retrospective study". Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 17 17562864241284166. doi:10.1177/17562864241284166. ISSN 1756-2856. PMC 11528639. PMID 39494114.
  19. ↑ Dobson, R.; Giovannoni, G. (2019). "Multiple sclerosis – a review". European Journal of Neurology (in English). 26 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1111/ene.13819. ISSN 1468-1331. PMID 30300457.
  20. ↑ Berer K, Krishnamoorthy G (November 2014). "Microbial view of central nervous system autoimmunity". FEBS Letters. 588 (22): 4207–13. Bibcode:2014FEBSL.588.4207B. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.007. PMID 24746689. S2CID 2772656.
  21. ↑ Lane J, Ng HS, Poyser C, Lucas RM, Tremlett H (July 2022). "Multiple sclerosis incidence: A systematic review of change over time by geographical region". Mult Scler Relat Disord. 63 103932. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103932. PMID 35667315. S2CID 249188137.
  22. ↑ Milo R, Kahana E (March 2010). "Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment". Autoimmunity Reviews. 9 (5): A387-94. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.010. PMID 19932200.
  23. ↑ Dobson, R.; Giovannoni, G. (2019). "Multiple sclerosis – a review". European Journal of Neurology (in English). 26 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1111/ene.13819. ISSN 1468-1331. PMID 30300457.
  24. 1 2 Clanet M (June 2008). "Jean-Martin Charcot. 1825 to 1893". International MS Journal. 15 (2): 59–61. PMID 18782501.
    • Charcot J (1868). "Histologie de la sclerose en plaques". Gazette des Hopitaux, Paris. 41: 554–5.
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