Linux

Linux

Original author(s)	Linus Torvalds (fr)
Initial release	17 Ctember 1991
Written in	C (mul) , assembleur (fr) d Rust (mul)
Platform	DEC Alpha (fr) , x86 (mul) , X64 (fr) , architecture ARM (fr) , PowerPC (fr) , RISC-V (fr) d architecture MIPS (fr)
Type	projet (fr) , œuvre collaborative (fr) d Anagraw n wammud
Website	kernel.org

Linux /ˈlɪnəks/ d iɣes n unagraw n wammud, neɣ d isem i fkan i inagrawen n wammud yenarnan ɣef yiɣes ayi.

Linux d tawacult n yinagrawen n wammud yeldin yebnan ɣef yiɣes Linux, d iɣes n unagraw n wammud i d-yeffɣen i tikkelt tamezwarut ass n 17 ctember 1991, sɣur Linus Torvalds. Linux s umata, d asedger n Linux (distro), ideg yella yiɣes d ukemmus n yiseɣẓanen n unagraw d temkarḍiyin — tuget deg-sen ttaken-ten-id yikabaren wis kraḍ — akken ad d-snulfun anagraw n wammud ummid, yemmugen d aslag n Unix, dɣa yeffeɣ-d ddaw turagt GPL n tenɣelt.

D luluf n uzuzer n Linux i yellan, aṭas i yebnan srid neɣ arusrid ɣef uzuzer-nniḍen ; asedger n Linux yettwassnen deg-s yella Debian, Fedora Linux, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, akked Ubuntu, ma d asedger n tnezzut deg-s RedHat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise, akked ChromeOS. Izuzren Linux sseqdacen-t aṭas deg tɣerɣertin n uqeddac. Aṭas n izuzer n Linux i yesseqdacen awal "Linux" s yisem-nsen, maca Tasbeddit Free Software tesseqdac u tessemter isem "GNU/Linux" akken ad d-twekked aseqdec d wazal n yiseɣẓanen GNU deg waṭas n uzuzer, d ayen i d-yeglan s kra n lxilaf. Ma mačči d iɣes Linux, iferdisen igejdanen i d-igellun s uzuzer zemren ad d-ilin deg-sen aqeddac n uskan ( anagraw n wusfaylu), d umsefrak n yikemmusen, d amakar n ubuqal akked tjeɣlalt Unix.

Linux d yiwen seg imedyaten yettwassnen akk deg yiseɣẓanen ilelliyen d uɣbalu yeldin. Ma yella deg tazwara, snulfan-t-id i yiselkimen udmawanen yebnan ɣef x86, seg wasmi ay d-yettwasagen ɣer wugar n tɣerɣertin wala anagraw niḍen n wammad, yernu sseqdacen-t ɣef waṭas n yibenkan gar-asen PCs, imahilen n tiɣsar, iframen igejdanen d yinagrawen yettwaselɣen. Linux d anagraw n wammud agejdan i yiqeddacen yernu sseqdacen-t daɣen deg 500 n yiselkimen iruraden akk deg umaḍal. Mi ara ddukklen akked Android, i yebnan ɣef Linux, yemmugen i tiliɣriyin tuḥricin, ɣur-sent azadur meqqren akk deg inagrawen n wammud s yiswi amatu.

Taskant

Iɣis n Linux iga-t Linus Torvalds, deffir ma ixuṣṣ uɣis n umahil i GNU, d anagraw n wammud d amṣada akked Unix i yemmugen s useɣẓan ilelli i d-yellan deg usnerni seg 1983 sɣur Richard Stallman. Ssyen sakkin, yeffeɣ-d yiwen n unagraw n Unix ileḥḥun isem-nnes Minix, maca turagt-nnes ur tesɛi ara akk tilelli imir-nni yerna yettweg i yiwen n yiswi n usegmi. Unix amezwaru akk baṭel i yiselkimen udmawanen, 386BSD, ur d-iban ara armi d 1992, deg tallit-nni, Torvalds yebna yakan yerna yessuffeɣ-d s wudem azayez lqem amezwaru n iɣis Linux deg Internet. Am GNU d 386BSD, Linux ur yesεi ara angal Unix, imi d aεawed ajdid, dɣa ur yessinif ara i temsal tizerfanin imir-nni. Azuzer n Linux yuɣal mucaε deg yiseggasen n 1990, dɣa yerra titiknulujiyin Unix ttwakcament ɣer yiseqdacen n uxxam deg yiselkimen udmawanen anda akken i d-yella yakan d tin icudden ɣer leqdicat yennegman.

Azuzer n Linux deg-s anagraw n yisfuyla am X11 neɣ Wayland akked twennaḍt n tnarit am GNOME, KDE Plasma neɣ Xfce. Tigrummiwin i d-yettwaheggan i yiqeddacen ahat ur sεint ara agrudem n useqdac udlifan neɣ ad ilint deg-sent tnebdant n tifrat am LAMP.

Tangalt aɣbalu n Linux tezmer ad tettwaseqdec, ad tettwabeddel, ad tettwabḍu, ad tt-tefreq deg tnezzut neɣ deg war tnezzut sɣur yal yiwen ddaw tewtilin n turagt-is yettuqadren, am Turagt tazayezt GNU (GPL). Turagt anamek-is d asnulfu n uzuzer amaynut i s-iεemmed yiwen, yeshel ugar n unagraw n wammud am MacOS neɣ Microsoft Windows. Iɣis Linux, d amedya, yesɛa turagt ddaw GPLv2, s tsureft i yisawalen n unagraw yettaǧǧan tangalt yessawalen i yiɣis s unagraw ur yessefk ara ad tili ddaw GPL.

Ɣef lǧal n uɣmar n Android yebnan ɣef Linux deg tiliɣriyin tuḥricin, Linux, gar-asen Android, ɣur-s azadur n usbeddi meqqren akk deg inagrawen n wammud s umata seg mayyu 2022.

Linux, seg Meɣres 2024, sseqdacen-t azal n 4 % seg yiselkimen n tnarit. Chromebook i yessefraken ChromeOS yebnan ɣef Linux, yessefrak ulzuz n usegmi amarikani K -12 yernu yettgensis-d qrib 20% seg uzenziɣ n "notebook" n ddaw-$300 deg Yiwanaken Yeddukklen. Linux d anagraw n wammud agejdan deg yiqeddacen, yerna sseqdacen-ten deg 500 n yimselkimen iruraden akk deg umaḍal.

Linux yetteddu daɣen ɣef yinagrawen yettwaselɣen, i.e.,Ibenkan yessefraken anagraw n wammad ttwabnan s umata deg uferɣẓan yernu ttwagen mliḥ i unagraw. Deg-s imeglayen, Asenqed awurman, Ibenkan n uxxam, tidiwentin n wurar n uvidyu, tiliẓṛiyin (Samsung d LG smart TVs), tikeṛṛusin (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, akked Toyota), akked Aɣerrabu allunan (Falcon 9 rocket, Dragon crew).

Amezruy

Imezwura

Anagraw n wammud Unix yella-d deg useggas n 1969, deg Bell Labs n AT&T deg Marikan, sɣur Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, akked Joe Ossanna. Unix yettwaru s lekmal-nnes s tutlayt tajmaεt(assembly), imi tella-d d tigawt icaεen imir-nni. Deg 1973, deg yiwet n tikli tamaynut, εawden uran-tt s tutlayt n usihel C sɣur Dennis Ritchie (ala kra n warrum d tigawin I/O). Tilin n useḍru n tutlayt n uswir unnig n Unix yerra asagen-is ɣer tɣerɣarin n uselkim yemgaraden fessus.

S yisem n tamsalt mgal aḥkar n 1956, AT&T ur tkeččem ara ɣer tnezzut n uselkim, AT&T yefka-d angal aɣbalu n unagraw n wammud i kra n win i d-yessutren. Ɣef waya, aseqdec n Unix yennerna s tɣawla yernu yeqqel yettwasmemmi s waṭas deg tisuda d teṛmisin tisdawanin. Deg 1984, AT&T tger-d iman-is seg tkebbaniyin-is n wammud amnaḍan, dɣa yeffeɣ-d seg uḥettem-is ur yekcim ara ɣer tnezzut n uselkim; iserreḥ-as uḥettem-a, Bell Labs yebda yesnuzuy Unix d afaris uslig, Anda iseqdacen ur ttwasirgen ara ad t-beddlen s wudem azerfan.

Onyx Systems yebda yesnuzuy iselkimen udmawanen i yebnan ɣef Unix deg 1980. Syin ɣer da, Sun Microsystems, yesnulfa-d d yiwen n usenfar amaynut deg Unix i yinelmaden deg tesdawit n Stanford, yebda yesnuzuy daɣen iselkimen umahil n tnarit yebnan ɣef Unix deg 1982. d tin i d-yesgensisen aεraḍ amezwaru n tnezzut i d-yewwin akken ad d-yezuzzer yiwen aselkim udmawan i yesεan anagraw n wammud Unix.

S Unix simal "yettwasekkeṛ" s yisem-is d afaris amli, asenfaṛ GNU, yebda-t-id Richard Stallman deg useggas n 1983, yesεa iswi ad d-yesnulfu "anagraw n yiseɣẓanen ummid amṣada akked Unix" i yemmugen s useɣẓan ilelli. Amahil yebda-d deg 1984. Syin ɣer da, deg 1985, Stallman yebda-d Tasbeddit Free Software, yura Turagt tazayezt GNU (GNU GPL) deg 1989. Deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, aṭas seg wahilen ay yessefken deg unagraw n wammud (am temkarḍiyin, isefsu, imaẓragen n yeḍrisen, ajeɣlal n yizirig n tiludna, d unagraw n usfaylu) ay ifuken, ɣas akken iferdisen n uswir yudren am yinuḍafen n yibenk, "Daemons", akked iɣis, umi qqaren GNU Hurd, llan ttwaḥebsen yerna ur kemlen ara.

Minix yesnulfa-t-id Andrew S.Tanenbaum, d aselmad n tussna n tsenselkimt, yerna yeffeɣ-d deg 1987 imi d anagraw n wammud am win n Unix yemmugen i yinelmaden d wiyaḍ yebɣan ad lemden imenzayen n unagraw n wammud. Ɣas akken angal n uɣbalu ummid n Minix yella s tlelli, awalen n turagin ur t-ǧǧin ara ad yili d aseɣẓan ilelli alamma ibeddel turagt deg yebrir 2000.

Asnulfu

Linus Torvalds, ameskar agejdan n uɣisi Linux.

Mi yella yeqqar deg tesdawit n helsinki deg umwan n 1990, torvalds yekcem ɣer yiwet n temsirt n unix. rvalds udfen ɣer yiwet n temsirt n Unix. Tamsirt-nni tesseqdec yiwen n uselkim n MicroVAX yessefrak Ultrix, ma d yiwen seg yeḍrisen-nni ay yessefken i tɣuri d "anagraw n Wammud : Asnulfu d useḍru" sɣur Andrew S.Tanenbaum. Adlis-a n tɣuri yella deg-s unɣel n unagraw n wammud n Minix n Tanenbaum. S temsirt-a i d-yebda Torvalds i Unix i tikkelt tamezwarut. Deg 1991, yuɣal d awnaf ɣef yinagrawen n wammud. S turagt n Minix i tt-yesεan deg teswiεt-nni kan i useqdec n uselmed, yebda ixeddem ɣef iɣisi n unagraw-is n wammud i yuɣalen ɣer tagara d iɣisi Linux.

Ass n 3 Yulyu 1991, akken ad yesseddu tiɣra n unagraw Unix, Linus Torvalds yeɛreḍ ur yessaweḍ ara ad d-yawi tasukint tumḍint n warraten n yilugan n POSIX s usuter i ugraw n yisallen n comp.os.minix. Seld mi ur d-yufi ara arrat POSIX, Torvalds yerra deg tazwara i tifin n isawalen n unagraw deg warrat SunOS i tesεa tesdawit i tessexdam deg uqeddac-is n Sun Microsystems. Yelmed daɣen kra n teɣra(isawalen) n unagraw seg uḍris Minix n Tanenbaum.

Torvalds yebda-d asnerni n iɣisi Linux deg Minix d yisnasen yuran i Minix ttwasqedcen daɣen deg Linux. Syin ɣer da, yennerna Linux deg usnerni n iɣisi Linux deg yinagrawen Linux. Isnasen GNU beddlen-d daɣen akk iḥricen n Minix, acku yelha ma sqedcen tangalt yellan s tlelli seg usenfaṛ GNU s unagraw n wammud i d-ilulen; tangalt yellan ddaw n GNU GPL tezmer ad tuɣal ad tettwaseqdec deg wahilen-nniḍen n uselkim skud ula d nutni ttwaserrḥen-d ddaw n turagt am takki neɣ turagt iwatan yemṣadan. Torvalds yebda-d abeddel seg turagt-is tanaṣlit i igedlen azuzzer amzenzi, ɣer GNU GPL. Ineflayen llan xeddmen akken ad skecmen iferdisen GNU akked iɣisi Linux, ad d-snulfun anagraw n wammud ileḥun yerna d ilelli.

Ɣas akken ur d-yeffiɣ ara armi d 1992, ɣef lǧal n yimmeẓḍa usḍifen, asnerni n 386BSD, seg-sen i d-iṣubb NetBSD, OpenBSD d FreeBSD, i d-yezwar win n Linux. Linus Torvalds yenna-d dakken lemmer yella iɣisi GNU neɣ 386BSD deg 1991, tili ahat ur d-yesnulfa ara Linux.

Isem-is

Linus Torvalds yella yebɣa ad as-iɣer i usnulfu-nnes "Freax", d asagen n "free", "freak", d "x" (am usmekti n Unix). Deg tazwara n leqdic-is ɣef unagraw, llan kra seg yismilen n usenfar-a deg-sen isem n "Freax" azal n uzgen n useggas. Torvalds yella yettwali isem n " linux " maca ur t-yeǧǧi ara ad yili imi iwalat d anasaf mliḥ.

Akken ad tessisheleḍ asnerni, ifuyla ulin ɣer uqeddac FTP n FUNET deg Ctembeṛ 1991. Ari Lemmke, Amdakkel n Turvalds n uxeddim deg Tesdawit n Ttiknulujit n Helsinki (HUT) yellan d yiwen seg yinedbalen iwiziwen n uqeddac FTP imir-nni, ur ixemmem ara dakken "Freax" d isem yelhan, dɣa isemma-as asenfar "Linux" ɣef uqeddac war ma icawer Torvalds. D acu kan, Torvalds yeqbel "Linux".

Asekcem deg tnezzut d taɣerfant

Azuzer n linux ittwasnen ugar Ubuntu

Asmemmi n Linux deg twennaṭin n ufares, mačči d ayen ara t-sseqdacen kan yimaswaḍen, tebda tettnerni d tamezwarut deg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 1990 deg umɣiwan n uselkim-unnig, anda bdant tuddsiwin am NASA ttbeddilent timacinin-nsent ɣlayen s yigrawen n yiselkimen ur ɣlayen ara iteddun s Linux. Aseqdec amzenzi yebda-d mi d-yebda Dell d IBM, yeḍfer-it Hewlett-Packard, ttaken-d afus n Linux akken ad yerwel seg ufus Microsoft deg ulzuz n wammud n tnarit.

Ass-a, inagrawen n Linux sseqdacen-ten deg wakk iselkimen n tsenselkimt, seg yinagrawen yettwaselɣen ɣer qrib akk imselkimen-unnig, yernu ṭṭfen adeg deg yisebdaden n uqeddac am tanebdant n usnas LAMP mechuṛen. Simmal yettnerni useqdec n uzuzer Linux deg uxxam akked tnarit n unekcum.

Rrbeḥ ameqqran akk n Linux deg uzluz(ssuq), ahat d ssuq n yibenk aziraz, s Android i d anagraw n wammad anegmar deg tiliɣriyin tuḥricin yernu yettwassen aṭas deg teblaḍin yernu seg melmi kan, ɣef yilsawen d yimseddayen. Ula deg uhric n wurar n Linux, yettali-d s Valve yefka-d tallelt-is i Linux, dɣa yessufeɣ-d SteamOS, azuzer-is n Linux i d-yelhan s wurar, i d-yellan syin d asawen deg tɣerɣert-nsen n Steam Deck. Ula d afraq n Linux yuɣal yettwassen s waṭas n yinabaḍen idiganen d iɣelnawen, am unabaḍ afidirali n Brizil.

Asnerni

Linus Torvalds d netta ay d amsuddes agejdan i uɣisi n Linux yernu yessefrak anegmu-nnes, ma d Greg Kroah-Hartman d netta ay d amsuddes agejdan i ufurk urkid. Zoë Kooyman d anemhal aselkam n Tesbeddit tilellit n useɣẓan, s nnuba-s d netta i d anemhal amatu n GNU. Ɣer taggara, imdanen d tkebbaniyin snernayen iḥricen d iferdisen wis kraḍ ur nelli d GNU. Iferdisen-agi n wis kraḍ gebren aṭas n umahil, daɣen zemren ad gebren izegrar n uɣisi akked isnasen n useqdac, d temkarḍiyin.

Imsenziyen n Linux d timɣiwnin sdukklen yerna zuzzren iɣisi, isuddas GNU, akked wid ur nelli ara d GNU, s yiseɣẓanen niḍen n ukemmus n usefrek s talɣa n uzuzer n Linux.

Asuneɣ-is

Aṭas n yineflayen n yiseɣẓanen n uɣbalu yeldin i iqeblen belli iɣisi Linux ur yesuneɣ ara maca iεedda-d deg ufran agaman. Torvalds iwala dakken asuneɣ n Unix yella yettwasseqdec d aɣawas, "Linux yemɣi-d s waṭas n tḍermas - yernu imi tiḍermas ur llin-t ara d igacuranen, llan s tɣawla yernu ttwaṣeggmen ugar n tzelɣiwin n Alpha deg ADN." Eric S. Raymond yettwali udmawen igrawliwen n Linux akken ad ilin d inmettiyen, mačči d atiknikan : uqbel Linux, aseɣẓan ameẓdu isuneɣ-t-id s leḥder sɣur inagrawen imecṭaḥ n yineflayen, maca "Linux yemhez s wudem nniḍen maḍi. Seg tazwara, ɣas ini d uṭṭunen imeqqranen n yiwiziwen i t-yessefraken kan s walal n Internet gar-asen. Taɣara ur tettwaḥrez ara s ilugan iqesḥen neɣ s tmenḍawt maca s tsetratijit taḥerfit n uslelli yal ddurt, d uḍfar n tmuɣliwin seg tmiḍiyin n yimseqdacen deg kra n wussan, ad d-nini d asnulfu n kra n ufran Adarwini arurad ɣef tiḍermas i d-sskecmen ineflayen".