Interval signal
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An interval signal, or tuning signal, is a characteristic sound or musical phrase used in international broadcasting, numbers stations, and by some domestic broadcasters, played before commencement or during breaks in transmission, but most commonly between programs in different languages.
It serves several purposes:
- It helps a listener using a radio with an analog tuner to find the correct frequency.
- It informs other stations that the frequency is in use.
- It serves as a station identifier even if the language used in the subsequent broadcast is not one the listener understands.
The practice began in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s and was carried over into shortwave broadcasts. The use of interval signals has declined with the advent of digital tuning systems, but has not vanished. Interval signals were not required on commercial channels in the United States, where jingles were used as identification.
List of interval signals by station
[edit]
Radiodifusión Argentina al Exterior: First eight notes of "Mi Buenos Aires querido" by Carlos Gardel, followed by people saying the station's name in eight languages.

Bangladesh Betar: A tune composed by Samar Das.

Radio Belarus: "Motherland, my dear" (Belarusian: be:Радзіма мая дарагая, Russian: Родина моя дорогая) by Vladimir Olovnikov and Ales Bachyla.

Rádio Brasil Internacional: Xylophone version of "Brazilian Flag Anthem" (Brazilian Portuguese: Hino à Bandeira Nacional) by Francisco Braga and Olavo Bilac.[citation needed]
Radio Bulgaria:


China:
- China National Radio and China Radio International: Chime version of March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲).


- CRI Indonesian Radio (and Radio Peking, predecessor of China Radio International): 东方红 ("The East Is Red").

- Voice of the Strait News Radio: Bell version of "Three Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention" (三大纪律八项注意).

Radio Habana Cuba: Refrain of "March of the 26th of July" (es:La Marcha del 26 de Julio) by Agustín Díaz Cartaya.

DR P1: "Drømte mig en drøm i nat", played on metallophone.[1]


Radio France Internationale: Electronic-disco, culminating in the last 8 measures of "La Marseillaise".

Deutsche Welle: "Es sucht der Bruder seine Brüder" from Fidelio (Act2 No.16 Finale. Heil sei dem Tag!) by Ludwig van Beethoven.

Voice of Greece: "The Little Shepherd" (el:Ο Τσομπανάκος), played on floghera.[2]
![\header{tagline=##f}
% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/grc-era_chania_101014.mp3
main = \relative{
\cadenzaOn \time 2/2 \key g \minor
g'4 g \bar "|" d' d d d \bar "|"
\tag #'mA {
f16\trill[( e d8])~ d2.*4/3\fermata s4 \bar "|"
cis4\trill bes4 cis4\trill bes4
}
\tag #'mB {
\tuplet 6/4{f'16 g f e d8~} d2.*4/3\fermata s4 \bar "|"
\tuplet 11/8{\repeat unfold 5{cis32*13/11 d} cis} bes4*9/11
\tuplet 9/8{\repeat unfold 4{cis32 d} cis} bes4
}
\bar "|" g4 4 2*3\fermata s8
}
\score{\keepWithTag #'mA \main
\addlyrics{Tso -- pa -- na -- kos i -- mou -- na __}
}
\score{\keepWithTag #'mB \main
\midi{\tempo 2=60 \set Staff.midiInstrument = "flute"}
}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/9/h96zmpxqvyshsgzvztz1awzds7oazhs/h96zmpxq.png)
All India Radio: A tune composed by Walter Kaufmann or Thakur Balwant Singh, used since 1936.[3]

Indonesia
- RRI Programa 3: Ending bars of "Solace on Coconut Island" (Rayuan Pulau Kelapa), composed by Ismail Marzuki.

- RRI Regional: "Love Ambon" by George de Fretes

- RRI Voice of Indonesia: "Feeling of Love" (Rasa Sayang).[citation needed]
RTÉ Radio 1: 2nd segment of "O'Donnell Forever" (O'Donnell Abú).[4]

NHK Radio Japan: "KazoeUta (Hitotsu to ya)" (数え歌, counting-out game).

![\header{tagline = ##f}
% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/jap-radionikkei1_010909.mp3
main = \relative{
\cadenzaOn \key d \minor
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "tubular bells"
d''2 c d a1*7/4\fermata
f'4 d d c c d a1*7/4\fermata
s8_"//"
}
acco = \relative{
\clef "treble_(8)" \key d \minor
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "koto"
\set midiMaximumVolume = #0.6
s2\sustainOn s s \scaleDurations 25/26 {f16*4/5[ a, c d f a c d f16 a c8]} d1*9/8
s2\sustainOff\sustainOn s s \scaleDurations 6/5 {f16*2/3[ d c a f d c16 a f d c8]} a1
}
\score{\main}
\score{
<<
\new Staff \main
\new Staff \acco
>>
\midi{\tempo 4 = 100}
}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/d/c/dcife2s8ognmnhmcqyvfe4ot835puo7/dcife2s8.png)
Radio Nepal: A tune composed by Ustad Govinda Lal Nepali.

North Korea
- Voice of Korea: Melody of "Song of General Kim Il-sung" (김일성장군의 노래).

- Pyongyang FM: Melody of "Song of General Kim Jong-il" (김정일장군의 노래).

KBS World Radio: "Dawn" (여명); Korean kids song "Moon, moon, bright moon" (달아 달아 밝은달아)


RTL Radio: last segment of "lb:De Feierwon" by Michel Lentz, played on chimes.[5]

Radio Madagascar (mg:Radio Madagasikara):

Voice of Mongolia: "Motherland" (Эх орон) by Luvsanjambyn Mördorj.[6]

Radio New Zealand International: The call of a New Zealand bellbird
ORTN:

Radio Pakistan: A tune composed by Khwaja Khursheed Anwar.

Philippines:
- Far East Broadcasting Company: 2nd segment of "We Have Heard the Joyful Sound (Jesus Saves)".

- Radio Veritas Asia: "O via, vita, veritas".


Radio Romania International: The first nine notes of “Pui de lei", lyrics by Ioan S. Nenițescu and song by Ionel G. Brătianu

Russia
- Radio Mayak: Vibraphone version of Moscow Nights.

- Radio Sakha: Excerpt from a Yakut folk song.[citation needed]


Radio Slovenia: Electronically generated cuckoo chirping.


Radio Ukraine International: "The Wide Dniepr Roars and Moans" (Реве та стогне Дніпр широкий).

- English programme: "Bow Bells", 10 change-ringing bells.
- Non-English programme, non-Europe: three notes tuned B–B–C.
- Non-English programme, to Europe: four notes tuned B–B–B–E.


![% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/ukg-bbcws_v_interval_signal_170701.mp3
<<
\voices 2,1<<
{\clef "treble_(8)" \time 2/4 r8 b[ b b] e}\\
\magnifyMusic 0.6{r8 b'[ b' b'] e''}
>>
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "2"{B -- B -- B -- E}
>>
\midi{\tempo 4=88 \set Staff.midiInstrument = "electric piano 1"}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/6/r/6rn3a4tgv5v73aafltdyrbh9a3gxyn5/6rn3a4tg.png)
United States:

- Trans World Radio (TWR)
- Trans World Radio: Hymne Monégasque (Monaco anthem)

- TWR Europe: Amazing Grace

- TWR Albania: last segment of "What a Friend We Have in Jesus"

- TWR Guam: first part of "We've a story to tell to the nations"

- TWR Africa: last part of "We've a story to tell to the nations"

- TWR Bonaire: last part of Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus by George James Webb, in various renditions

- Voice of America: Brass band version of "Yankee Doodle".
- WEWN, later EWTN Global Radio: "Salve Regina" (in simple tone) by Henri Dumont


Radio Nacional de Venezuela's Canal Internacional: Beginning of "Alma Llanera" by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez and Rafael Bolívar Coronado.

Đài tiếng nói Việt Nam (VOV): latter half of "vi:Diệt phát xít"

Formerly used
[edit]
Radio Tirana: Këputa një gjethe dafine (transmission intro); the trumpet version of With Pickaxe and Rifle.


Radio Australia: chorus segment of Waltzing Matilda; Kookaburra call; News signature tune: Majestic Fanfare.

Radio Österreich International: An der schönen blauen Donau ("Blue Danube Waltz") by Johann Strauss.[7]

Ö1: Three notes signifying O–R–F by Werner Pirchner, played on viola.[8]
ORF:
- 1st Program: Schubert, Rosamunde, Ballet Music 2

- 3rd Program: Haydn, Surprise Symphony


- Benoit, Beiaardlied
![% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/bel-z-brt1_rvd_1977.mp3
\relative{
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "electric piano 1"
\key f \major \cadenzaOn
\partial 4 a'4*5/6 \bar "|"
a4 g4*7/6 bes4*5/6 a4*7/6 \bar "|" f2*7/8 c4 a' \bar "|"
a g8*3/2[ a8] bes4*5/6 e,4*7/6 \bar "|" c'2
}
\midi{\tempo 4 = 78}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/e/t/eth2atwr3yvxhdme20yu7723szxujvd/eth2atwr.png)
Rádio Nacional: Luar do Sertão ("Hinterlands Moonlight").

Radio Canada International: First four notes of O Canada, played on piano or autoharp.

Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation: closing segment of Avkoritissa (Αυκορίτισσα), a traditional Cypriot song of Avgorou[9]

- last segment of Kupředu levá ("Forward, Left") by cs:Jan Seidl


Radio Denmark: Nielsen, Moderen, Scene7 No.22 Som en rejselysten flåde

HCJB: using a motif from Great Is Thy Faithfulness[citation needed]

- HCJB Japanese program: "Sakura Sakura" (さくらさくら, cherry blossoms)

Yle Radio 1: Pim-pam-pulla, a tune from the 1700s proposed by A. O. Väisänen for 5-string kantele.[10][11]

Radio France Internationale: a popular song, Nous n'irons plus au bois.[7]


Reichssender Berlin: Ending bars of Volk ans Gewehr, played on celesta.

East Germany
- Berliner Rundfunk: Motif from the opera Regina, Act3 Finale by Albert Lortzing, played by horns.

- Radio Berlin International: Beginning of Auferstanden aus Ruinen ("Risen from Ruins"), played on chimes.

- Radio DDR: Refrain of de:Wann wir schreiten Seit’ an Seit’

-
Interval signal for Radio Free Russia
-
Interval signal for DFS 904
- Deutschlandfunk: Ending bars of "Ich hab' mich ergeben" by August Daniel von Binzer.[12]


- Deutschlandsender: Mozart, The Magic Flute (Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen) / Schubart, Üb’ immer Treu und Redlichkeit


-
- Friedrich Dewischeit, de:Masurenlied (Wild flutet der See)

- Wo des Haffes Wellen trecken an den Strand[citation needed]
![% https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_audio_clip.cfm?audio_id=2447 [caution: recreation]
% https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/audioimages_klein/Reichssender_Koenigsberg.jpg
\relative{
\key g \major \time 6/8 \partial 4.
<<
{b'4 a8 g4 fis8 g4 fis8 g4 b8 e4 d8 a2.}
\\
\magnifyMusic 0.7{d,4 c8 <b d>4 a8 <b d>4 a8 <b d>4 <d g>8 <b g'>4. <d fis>2.}
>>
}
\midi{\tempo 4. = 60}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/y/kycpe27b3au0z84sw7en6lyrrmeriom/kycpe27b.png)
- NORAG Hamburg: Wagner, Der fliegende Holländer, Act 3, Steuermann, lass die Wacht (Sailors' Chorus)


- (Dominant major ninth chord)

![{
% https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_audio_clip.cfm?audio_id=2421 [caution: recreation]
% https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/audioimages_klein/Pausezeichen_Koeln.jpg
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "celesta"
\omit Staff.TimeSignature
\cadenzaOn
dis''2 fis'2 b2
}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/2/k27iq3k4d7k33j080gonlooxh4d6ab8/k27iq3k4.png)



- Sender Freies Berlin: Es-F-B


- SR Saarbrücken: de:Steigerlied (2nd line: Und er hat sein helles Licht bei der Nacht)

- SWF Baden-Baden: Mozart, The Magic Flute (Act 2: No.21, Finale: Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkünden)

- SDR Stuttgart: Silcher, Jetzt gang i ans Brünnele

![% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/ger-z-hr_rvd_c1975.mp3
{
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "electric piano 1"
\omit Staff.TimeSignature \cadenzaOn
\ottava -1
<g, f>4\omit\sustainOn
\ottava 1
c'''4.*5/6 a''8*3/2[ e''8 b'8*3/2]
<a''' f''' d'''>1
}
\midi{\tempo 4 = 72}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/7/r/7r6gyztfykrea2sikr5aku0zuduku6b/7r6gyztf.png)
- Radio Bremen: Bach, Mass in B minor, Et in terra pax

- Excerpts from the suite 1848 by T.K. Polgar played on three trumpets and two cornets.[citation needed]

- Budapest 2

Kol Yisrael: latter half of Hatikvah played on trumpets and timpani.

Rai Italia Radio: Mechanically generated canary chirping.



- latter half of Anthem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Netherlands
-
- Flute family: Hilversum 1 (Radio 2)
- Oboe family: Hilversum 2 (Radio 1), Hilversum 5
- Synthesizer then Carillon: Hilversum 3
- Harpsichord: Hilversum 4
![\header{tagline=##f}
% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/hol-z-nos_hilversum4_1982.mp3
common = {\key b \major \partial 4}
\score{
\relative{\mark "Hilversum 4" \common fis'4 b b cis8 dis e cis8 dis2}
}
\score{
<<\relative{
\common fis'4 \stemDown b_. \stemUp b-. cis8 dis e cis8*2 \grace{dis16*2 cis}dis2
} \\ \magnifyMusic 0.6 \relative{
\set midiMaximumVolume = #0.6
s4 \stemUp <dis'' b>8[ <cis ais>] \stemDown <b gis>[ <ais fis>]
<gis e> cis, <ais' fis> fis,8*3/2 <b fis' b>2.
}>>
\midi{\tempo 4=122 \set Staff.midiInstrument = "harpsichord"}
}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/4/r/4rfcbrxkyhs0sou6uyf4h2no7bbv7f8/4rfcbrxk.png)
- Radio Netherlands: Carillon version of the Eighty Years' War song Merck toch hoe sterck.

Norway
- NRK P1: Motif from Sigurd Jorsalfar by Edvard Grieg.[14][citation needed]
- Radio Norway International (Utenlandssendingen, former international service of NRK): no:Pausesignalet og kjenningssignalet
- Pausesignalet: a herding call stylized by Eivind Groven

- Kjenningssignalet: beginning bars of Symphony No.1 "Innover viddene" by Eivind Groven

Poland
- Radio Katowice: Sound of a hammer striking an anvil.[15]
- Radio Olsztyn: Excerpt from pl:O Warmio moja miła by Feliks Nowowiejski, played on barrel organ.

- Polish Radio External Service: Excerpt from Prząśniczka by Stanisław Moniuszko[16]

![\header{tagline = ##f}
% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/pol-z-polish_radio_c1996.mp3
main = \relative{
\key c \minor
\partial 16*5 <c'' c'>16[ <d d'>8. <es es'>16]
2 r8. <g, c es g>16[ 8. 16] <as c es as>2 <g g'>2
}
acco = \relative{
\key c \minor \clef bass
\partial 16*5 s16 s4
c,16\sustainOn g' c d es g c d es d c g es d c g
c,\sustainOff\sustainOn g' c d es d c g c,2\sustainOff\sustainOn
s8\sustainOff
}
\score{\main}
\score{
<<\main \new Staff \acco>>
\midi{\tempo 4 = 120}
}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/p/f/pf812x5rk3t12a8pdddhjh1d7x1caku/pf812x5r.png)
- Military Polonaise by Chopin
![% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/pol-z-polr1_c1996.mp3
\relative{
\key a \major \time 3/4
<<{
<a'' cis,>8\sustainOn[ r16 <e cis>] q8[ r16 q] <fis d>-.\sustainOff <gis d>-. <a d,>-. <b d,>-. <cis e,>8. <a cis,>16 4
}\\{
\set midiMaximumVolume = #0.6
<a,, e' a>8[ r16 q] q8[ r16 q] <a e' b'>16-. q-. q-. q-. <a e' a>8. 16 4
}>>
}
\midi{\tempo 4=66}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/e/8e5pckigv806jxd9sf4ot5t76ec1y3p/8e5pckig.png)
Radio Bucharest 1 and Radio Bucharest External Service (pre 1989): Fragment from Cantata anilor luminǎ by Anatol Vieru[citation needed]

Voice of Russia: "Great Gate of Kiev" portion of Pictures at an Exhibition by Mussorgsky.

Radio Serbia: Bože pravde, in various renditions.


Radio RSA (former international service of Apartheid-era South African Broadcasting Corporation): Bokmakierie chirping and first bars of Ver in die Wereld, Kittie, played on guitar.[7][17]

Radio Exterior de España: "Generala" (1761,1769) by es:Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros

- Ut i vida världen ("Out in the Wide World"), composed by Ralph Lundsten[18]

- the opening notes of Carl Michael Bellman's Storm och böljor tystna r'en.[7]

Switzerland
- Radio Beromünster: D' Zit isch do, played on music box.


- Red Cross Broadcasting Service: Purcell, The Indian Queen, Trumpet Tune

Voice of Turkey: Turkish makam, played on piano.
Interval signal of Voice of Turkey as heard in 2013
Radio Moscow (former international service of the Soviet Union):
- Подмосковные вечера ("Moscow Nights") performed by "Georgy Garanian and Melodia"[citation needed]

- Песня о Родине ("Wide Is My Motherland")

BBC World Service: Trumpet version of Oranges and Lemons; first four notes of Symphony No. 5 by Beethoven, played on timpani; Lillibullero (signature tune).[19]


World Christian Broadcasting (Alaska KNLS, Madagascar Madagascar World Voice (MWV)):
![\header{tagline=##f}
% https://www.intervalsignals.net/sounds/als-z-knls_anchor_point_ak_c1988.mp3
\score{
\relative<<{\cadenzaOn
r8 c'' \tuplet 3/2{f[ g a]} \bar "|"
g4 e r8*2/3 c \tuplet 3/2{f8[ g a]} \bar "|"
g2*2/3 r8*2/3 c, \tuplet 3/2{f8[ g a]} \bar "|"
g4 e r8*2/3 e \tuplet 3/2{f8[ e c]} \bar "|" c2
}\\{
r4 a g2 r4*2/3 a4 g2*2/3 r4*2/3 a4 g2 s4*2/3 a4 g2
}>>
\layout{indent=#0 line-width=#120 }
\midi{\tempo 4=52 \set Staff.midiInstrument = "celesta"}
}](https://upload.wikimedia.org/score/5/6/56bdpb2igze441kzrwi5yattqcg55sx/56bdpb2i.png)
- an unnamed tune by Jeff Brock[20][better source needed]

WYFR: First bars of To God Be the Glory by William Howard Doane

Radio Yugoslavia (1980–1989):


Radio Yugoslavia, later International Radio of Serbia and Montenegro: 2nd verse of Svečana Pesma (sr:Свечана песма) by sh:Nikola Hercigonja

Classical radio station WQXR-FM in New York City, during its ownership by The New York Times Company, played different variations of a classical infused gong with the ID read at the same time as "The Classical Station of the New York Times, WQXR, New York (And WQXR.com 2000–2009) [citation needed]
Numbers station interval signals
[edit]Numbers stations are often named after their interval signals, such as The Lincolnshire Poacher or Magnetic Fields after "Magnetic Fields Part 1" by Jean-Michel Jarre.
References
[edit]- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: stephensen (2009-10-19). "Pausesignal". Retrieved 2020-04-02 – via YouTube.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Ο τσομπανάκος σήμα ΕΡΤ). YouTube.
- ^ Tuning into broadcast history. The Hindu BusinessLine, 15 October 2015.
- ^ "'O'Donnell Abú'". RTÉ.ie.
- ^ "Pausenzeichen und ihre musikalischen Quellen". 8 October 2007.
- ^ "Радио холбооны анхны өдрүүд..." 4 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d Frost, Jens Mathiesen (1983). World Radio TV Handbook. New York: Billboard Publications.
- ^ Treiber, Alfred (2007). Ö1 gehört gehört : die kommentierte Erfolgsgeschichte eines Radiosenders (in German). Vienna: Böhlau. p. 218. ISBN 978-3-205-77495-2. OCLC 127107294.
- ^ "A NOTE ON THE CYPRIOT SONG "TA RIALIA" ("THE MONEY")". 2024-05-29. Retrieved 2025-10-05.
- ^ "Radion väliaikamerkki". yle.fi (in Finnish). 4 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2019-06-21.; Audio file (mp3). Archived from the original on 2025-10-01. Retrieved 2025-10-02.
- ^ "Pim-Pam-Pulla – YLEn välimerkki, joka jäi mieliin! – Tekniikan museo" (in Finnish). 2021-11-15.
- ^ "Deutschlandfunk - Kalter Krieg im Radio" (in German). p. 3. Archived from the original on 2015-01-23.
- ^ "Interval Signals Online - Netherlands". www.intervalsignals.net. "NOS Hilversum 1-5". Retrieved 2025-10-05.
- ^ http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Articles/The_Interval_Signal.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Interval Signals Online - Poland". "Katowice (vintage - 1975)". Retrieved 2025-10-02., Audio file (mp3). Retrieved 2025-10-02.
- ^ "Interval Signals Online - Poland". "Radio Polonia (vintage - 2006)". Retrieved 2025-10-02.; Audio file (mp3). Retrieved 2025-10-02.
- ^ "DX Listening Digest 7-043".
- ^ "Signaturer & musikvinjetter | Andromeda" (in Swedish). "1984-05-06". Retrieved 2025-10-02.; Audio file (ogg). Retrieved 2025-10-02.
- ^ "BBC World Service - Pausenzeichen-Datenbank". www.intervalsignals.org (in German). Retrieved 2025-10-05.
- ^ Image file (jpg). Retrieved 2025-10-04.
- ^ "Radio Jugoslawien - Pausenzeichen-Datenbank". www.intervalsignals.org (in German). Retrieved 2025-10-05.
Further reading
[edit]- Sennitt, Andrew G. (1997). World Radio and Television Handbook 1997. Billboard Books. p. 560. ISBN 0-8230-7797-7.
- Sennitt, Andrew G.; David Bobbitt (December 2005). World Radio and Television Handbook 2006. Billboard Books. p. 608. ISBN 0-8230-7798-5.
External links
[edit]- Interval Signals Online
- Nobuyuki Kawamura's Interval Signal Library
- IntervalSignal DataBase (German)
- Uwe Volk's Sound Library (available both in English and in German)
- Kurzwelle-Historisch
- Interval Signal Library on www.irkutsk.com