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Gum Nebula

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Gum Nebula
Supernova remnant
The Gum Nebula visible as a faint nebula with bright star Canopus and LMC at the lower left.
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension08h 00m
Declination−43° 00′
Distance1470 ly   (450 pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)+12 (infrared only)
Apparent diameter30°
ConstellationVela, Puppis
Physical characteristics
Absolute magnitude (V)3.73 (infrared)
DesignationsGum 12
See also: Lists of nebulae

The Gum Nebula (Gum 12) is an emission nebula that extends across 36° in the southern constellations Vela and Puppis. It lies approximately 450 parsecs from the Earth.[1] Hard to distinguish, it was widely believed to be the greatly expanded (and still expanding) remains of a supernova that took place about a million years ago. More recent research suggests it may be an evolved H II region. It contains the 11,000-year-old Vela Supernova Remnant, along with the Vela Pulsar.[2]

It is located between the two bright and massive stars system Naos (ζ Puppis) and Regor (γ² Velorum), the former is closer to the edge of the cloud facing the Sun , at a distance of about 330 ± 10 parsecs, while the latter, at about 336+8
−7 parsecs, is located closer to the center of the cloud. To its southeastern part lies the Vela Nebula , a supernova remnant that lies between the Gum Nebula and the Solar System, along the same line of sight.

The Gum Nebula is one of the largest known nebulae within the Milky Way and constitutes an important scenario for the study of the expansion of bubbles generated by supernova explosions within the environment of the galactic arms, as well as on the interaction between these and the surrounding molecular clouds ; in fact, on the edges of the cloud some limited star formation phenomena are active , localized in small clouds (known as cometary globules due to their appearance). Near some of these globules some HH objects are also found , including HH 47.[3]

Description

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Map of Gum Nebula

The Gum Nebula contains about 32 cometary globules.[4] These dense cloud cores are subject to such strong radiation from O-type stars γ2 Vel and ζ Pup and formerly the progenitor of the Vela Supernova Remnant that the cloud cores evaporate away from the hot stars into comet-like shapes. Like ordinary Bok globules, cometary globules are believed to be associated with star formation.[5] A notable object inside one of these cometary globules is the Herbig-Haro object HH 46/47.

The main ionizing sources are the Vela OB2 association (including Gamma Velorum cluster and the P Puppis cluster), Zeta Puppis and the OB association Trumpler 10.[6][7] The star cluster NGC 2547 formed 100 pc more distant than Vela OB2 and is an interloper.[7] The Vela OB2 association is surrounded by the so-called "IRAS Vela Shell", located in the south of the Gum Nebula. The star clusters NGC 2547, Trumpler 10, NGC 2451B, Collinder 135 and Collinder 140 all have similar ages of about 30 Myrs. It is suggested that a few stars exploded in supernovae about 30 Myrs ago in the center of the Gum Nebula and triggered the formation of stars in the region.[8]

It is named after its discoverer, the Australian astronomer Colin Stanley Gum (1924–1960). Gum had published his findings in 1955 in a work called A study of diffuse southern H-alpha nebulae (see Gum catalog). He also published the discovery of the Gum Nebula in 1952 in the journal The Observatory. The observations were made with the Commonwealth Observatory.[9]

The Gum nebula was photographed during Apollo 16 while the command module was in the double umbra of the Sun and Earth, using high-speed Kodak film.[10]

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The Gum Nebula is explored by the crew of the Starship Titan in the Star Trek novel Orion's Hounds.[11]

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  • H-alpha Image of Gum Nebula
    H-alpha Image of Gum Nebula
  • Clouds near
    Clouds near the center of the Gum Nebula
  • Cometary Nebulae 30, 31 and 38 in the Gum Nebula. It also contains the Herbig-Haro object number 120.
    Cometary Nebulae 30, 31 and 38 in the Gum Nebula. It also contains HH 120.
  • Environment in the Gum Nebula with HH 46/7 (middle-right)
    Environment in the Gum Nebula with HH 46/7 (middle-right)
  • Vela OB2 with its brightest star Gamma2 Velorum is located in the Gum Nebula. The image also contains the smaller star cluster NGC 2547 in the lower left part.
    Vela OB2 with its brightest star Gamma2 Velorum is located in the Gum Nebula. The image also contains the smaller star cluster NGC 2547 in the lower left part.
  • One of 4 images of the Gum Nebula photographed by Apollo 16 in 1972. AS16-127-20024.
    One of 4 images of the Gum Nebula photographed by Apollo 16 in 1972. AS16-127-20024.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Graham, J.A., 1986. Objects associated with low-mass star formation in the Gum nebula. The Astrophysical Journal, 302, pp.352-362.
  2. ^ B., Pettersson (December 2008). "Young Stars and Dust Clouds in Puppis and Vela". Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume II. 5. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book...43P. Archived from the original on 2025-02-20.
  3. ^ Dopita, M. A.; Evans, I.; Schwartz, R. D. (December 1982). "Herbig-Haro Objects 46 and 47 - Evidence for bipolar ejection from a young star". The Astrophysical Journal. 263: L73. Bibcode:1982ApJ...263L..73D. doi:10.1086/183927. ISSN 0004-637X. Archived from the original on 2025-01-14.
  4. ^ Zealey, W. J., Z. Ninkov, E. Rice, M. Hartley, & S. B. Tritton. 1983, ApL, 23, 119.
  5. ^ Reipurth, B. (1983). "Star formation in BOK globules and low-mass clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 117: 183. Bibcode:1983A&A...117..183R.
  6. ^ Kim, Jinyoung Serena; Walter, Frederick M.; Wolk, Scott J. (2005-03-01). "Low-Mass Star Formation in the Gum Nebula: The CG 30/31/38 Complex". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (3): 1564–1579. arXiv:astro-ph/0502285. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1564K. doi:10.1086/428002. ISSN 0004-6256.
  7. ^ a b Armstrong, Joseph J.; Wright, Nicholas J.; Jeffries, R. D.; Jackson, R. J.; Cantat-Gaudin, Tristan (2022-12-01). "The structure and 3D kinematics of vela OB2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 517 (4): 5704–5720. arXiv:2208.05277. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.517.5704A. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3101. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Mapelli, M.; Balaguer-Núñez, L.; Jordi, C.; Sacco, G.; Vallenari, A. (January 2019). "A ring in a shell: the large-scale 6D structure of the Vela OB2 complex". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 621: A115. arXiv:1808.00573. Bibcode:2019A&A...621A.115C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834003. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119071750.
  9. ^ Gum, C. S. (1952-08-01). "A large H II region at galactic longitude 226 deg". The Observatory. 72: 151–154. Bibcode:1952Obs....72..151G. ISSN 0029-7704.
  10. ^ Apollo 16 Preliminary Science Report (NASA SP-315), 1972. Chapter 31, Astronomical Photography, Part A, Gum Nebula, Glactic Cluster, and Zodiacal Light Photography, by R. D. Mercer, L. Dunkelman, and Thomas K. Mattingly.
  11. ^ Bennett, Christopher (2005-12-27). Orion's Hounds. Pocket Books. ISBN 141650950X.
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