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Dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Dynastic rule)
This article is about the general concept of a line of rulers. For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Political dynasty.
"Ruling family" redirects here. For other uses, see Royal family.
"Royal house" redirects here. For royal residences and headquarters, see Palace and Royal household.

Family photograph of the Imperial House of Japan, the world's oldest continuous royal dynasty since at least 539, with three generations (from left) Empress Michiko, Emperor Akihito, their son Emperor Naruhito and his consort Empress Masako, Crown Prince Akishino and Crown Princess Akishino, and behind them their children (2021)

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,[1] usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others.

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453), Imperial Iran (678 BC – AD 1979), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female.

Terminology

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The word "dynasty" (from the Greek: δυναστεία, dynasteía "power", "lordship", from dynástes "ruler")[2] is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.[3]

The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house",[4] which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital" or "baronial", depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in "House of Habsburg".

Dynast

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The Spanish royal family of the House of Bourbon dates its roots to the Capetian dynasty of the 9th century, thus making it the oldest still reigning dynasty in Europe (photograph of King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, the Princess of Asturias and her younger sister Infanta Sofía, in 2019)

A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.

In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.

The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown, making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is not a dynast of the House of Windsor.

Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015.[5] Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for succession to the British throne.[6] That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.[5]

Dynastic marriage

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Family portrait of Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty, surrounded by her children who were married into various European dynasties. Marriage policy amongst dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.

A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges.[7] For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was an edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg monarchy could be inherited by his daughter undivided (→ agnatic-cognatic primogeniture).[8] In 1736, Francis Stephen of Lorraine married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, the sole heir of Emperor Charles VI. With the marriage of Maria Theresa, the only offspring of the House of Austria, she became together with her husband the founder of the new dynasty of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Since 1740 he was her co-regent in the Habsburg hereditary lands and from 1745 he was Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I, but was hardly involved in government affairs.[9] Francis was as Duke of Lorraine the last non-Habsburg monarch of the Holy Roman Empire. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, which ruled until 1918. Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.

History

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Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200 BC – 1979 AD), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artefacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.[10]

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world had traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor is maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law;, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.

Longevity

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King Tupou VI of Tonga and Queen Nanasipau'u, head of one of the oldest still ruling royal dynasties in the world, dating back to c. 950 CE of the Tuʻi Tonga Empire

Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included.

Dynasty Years Ruled Corrected Length of Rule Notes
Imperial House of Japan 493 CE – present 1,532 years Continuous, mostly ceremonial since 12th century; pre-493 CE emperors semi-legendary.[11][12]
Chera c. 200 BCE – 1100 CE ~1,300 years Estimation; fragmented early records, gaps likely.[13][14]
Pandya c. 300 BCE – 900 CE ~1,200 years Estimation; intermittent rule after 900 CE, gaps in continuity.[15][16]
Tonga c. 950 CE – present ~1,075 years Estimation; title changed in 1865, constitutional now.[17][18]
Capetian 987 CE – present 1,038 years Continuous through cadet branches (e.g., Bourbon); active in Spain.[19]
Bagrationi 780 CE – 1801 CE ~1,021 years Georgian royal house; ended with Russian annexation.[20]
Guhila / Sisodia 566 CE – 1537 CE ~971 years Mewar rajputs; ceremonial after 1537.[21][22]
Silla 57 BCE – 935 CE 992 years Korean kingdom; estimation for early start.[23]
Adaside c. 1700 BCE – 722 BCE 978 years Neo-Assyrian period; estimation.[24]
Sayfawa c. 891 CE – 1846 CE ~955 years Bornu/Kanem empire; estimation.[25]
Eastern Ganga 498 CE – 1434 CE ~936 years Odisha rulers; diminished after 1434.[26][27]
Baduspanids 665 CE – 1598 CE 933 years Tabaristan rulers.[28]
Chola c. 300 BCE – 200 CE, 848–1279 CE ~929 years Non-continuous; interregnum ~200–848 CE; early period semi-legendary.[29][30]
Zhou 1046 BCE – 256 BCE 790 years Nominal rule in later Warring States period; traditional dates.[31]
Abbasid 750–1258 CE, 1261–1517 CE 764 years Non-continuous; caliphal rule, ceremonial after 1258.[32]
Rurikid 862 CE – 1598 CE 736 years Kievan Rus to Tsardom of Russia.[33]
Goguryeo 37 BCE – 668 CE 705 years Korean kingdom; well-documented.[34]
Solomon 1270 CE – 1975 CE 705 years Ethiopian emperors; restored in 1270.[35]
Bavand dynasty 651 CE – 1349 CE 698 years Tabaristan rulers.[36]
Kachhwaha 1128 CE – 1818 CE 690 years Jaipur rajputs; effective rule ended with British control.[37][38]
Bolkiah c. 1360 CE – present ~665 years Brunei sultans; estimation for early start.[39]
Habsburg 1278 CE – 1914 CE 636 years Austrian emperors; main line.[40]
Ottoman 1299 CE – 1922 CE 623 years Sultans of Ottoman Empire.[41]
Vijaya 543 BCE – 66 CE 609 years Sri Lankan kings; traditional dates.[42]
Ahom 1228 CE – 1826 CE 598 years Assam kingdom.[43]
Oldenburg 1448 CE – present 577 years Danish/Norwegian royals; active in Denmark.[44]
Rathore 1243 CE – 1818 CE 575 years Marwar/Jodhpur rajputs; ended with British control.[45][46]
Bohkti c. 1330 CE – 1855 CE ~525 years Kurdish principality; adjusted start date.[47]
Joseon and Korean Empire 1392 CE – 1910 CE 518 years Korean rulers.[48]
Goryeo 918 CE – 1392 CE 474 years Korean kingdom.[49]
Arsacid 247 BCE – 224 CE 471 years Parthian Empire.[50]
Nabhani 1154 CE – 1624 CE 470 years Oman imams.[51]
Han and Shu Han 202 BCE – 9 CE, 25–220 CE 448 years Non-continuous; Chinese emperors.[52]
Árpád 858 CE – 1301 CE 443 years Hungarian kings.[53]
Mataram 1586 CE – present ~439 years Indonesian sultans; estimation for continuity.[54]
Sassanian 224 CE – 651 CE 427 years Persian Empire.[55]
Davidic c. 1010 BCE – 586 BCE ~424 years Kingdom of Judah; traditional dates.[56]
Jafnid 220 CE – 638 CE 418 years Arab kingdom.[57]
Piast 960 CE – 1370 CE 410 years Polish dukes/kings.[58]
Argead c. 700 BCE – 309 BCE ~391 years Macedonian kings; adjusted start.[59]
Copán 426 CE – 810 CE 384 years Maya city-state.[60]
Siri Sanga Bo 1220 CE – 1597 CE 377 years Kandy kingdom, Sri Lanka.[61]
Umayyad 661–750 CE, 756–1031 CE 364 years Non-continuous; caliphs.[62]
Yuan and Northern Yuan 1271 CE – 1635 CE 364 years Mongol China.[63]
Komnenos 1057–1059 CE, 1081–1185 CE, 1204–1461 CE 363 years Byzantine emperors; non-continuous.[64]
Later Lê (Primitive and Revival Lê) 1428–1527 CE, 1533–1789 CE 355 years Vietnamese emperors; non-continuous.[65]
Estridsen 1047–1375 CE, 1387–1412 CE 353 years Danish kings; non-continuous.[66]
Aryacakravarti 1277 CE – 1619 CE 342 years Jaffna kingdom.[67]
Lakhmid c. 268 CE – 602 CE ~334 years Arab kingdom.[68]
Stuart 1371–1651 CE, 1660–1714 CE 334 years Scottish/British royals; non-continuous.[69]
Plantagenet 1154 CE – 1485 CE 331 years English kings.[70]
Jiménez 905 CE – 1234 CE 329 years Navarre/Aragon.[71]
Bendahara 1699 CE – present ~326 years Pahang/Malaysia sultans; estimation.[72]
Song 960 CE – 1279 CE 319 years Chinese emperors.[73]
Romanov 1613 CE – 1917 CE 304 years Russian tsars.[74]
Liao and Western Liao 916 CE – 1218 CE 302 years Khitan rulers.[75]
Later Jin and Qing 1616 CE – 1912 CE 296 years Manchu China.[76]
Ming and Southern Ming 1368 CE – 1662 CE 294 years Chinese emperors.[77]
Babenberg 962 CE – 1246 CE 284 years Austrian dukes.[78]
Ptolemaic 305 BCE – 30 BCE 275 years Hellenistic Egypt.[79]
Tang 618–690 CE, 705–907 CE 274 years Chinese emperors; non-continuous.[80]
Fatimid 909 CE – 1171 CE 262 years Caliphs.[81]
Nasrid 1230 CE – 1492 CE 262 years Granada emirate.[82]
Thutmosid 1550 BCE – 1292 BCE 258 years Egyptian pharaohs.[83]
Dunkeld 1034 CE – 1286 CE 252 years Scottish kings.[84]
Achaemenid 550 BCE – 330 BCE 220 years Persian Empire; adjusted start.[85][86]
Timurid 1370 CE – 1507 CE 137 years Central Asian rulers; Mughal branch excluded.[87][88]

Extant sovereign dynasties

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For non-sovereign dynasties currently ruling subnational monarchies, see Non-sovereign monarchy and List of current constituent monarchs.

There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties.[a] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.

Dynasty Realm Reigning monarch Dynastic founder[b] Dynastic place of origin[c]
Windsor[d][e] Antigua and Barbuda King Charles III King-Emperor George V[f] Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern Germany)
Commonwealth of Australia[g]
Bahamas
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand[h]
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom[i]
Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammed Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Belgium[j] Belgium King Philippe King Albert I[k] Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern Germany)
Wangchuck Bhutan Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck Trongsa, Bhutan
Bolkiah Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Sultan Muhammad Shah Tarim in Hadhramaut[l]
(in modern Yemen)
Norodom[m] Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni King Norodom Prohmbarirak Cambodia
Glücksburg[n] Denmark[o] King Frederik X Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Glücksburg
(in modern Germany)
Norway[p] King Harald V
Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III Chief Dlamini I East Africa
Yamato[q] Japan Emperor Naruhito Emperor Jimmu[r] Nara
(in modern Japan)
Hashim[s] Jordan King Abdullah II King Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi Hejaz
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Sabah Kuwait Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Sheikh Sabah I bin Jaber Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Moshesh Lesotho King Letsie III Paramount Chief Moshoeshoe I Lesotho
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II Prince Karl I Lower Austria
(in modern Austria)
Luxembourg-Nassau[t] Luxembourg Grand Duke Guillaume V Grand Duke Adolphe Nassau
(in modern Germany)
Temenggong[u] Malaysia[v] Sultan Ibrahim III Sultan Abu Bakar Johor
(in modern Malaysia)
Grimaldi Monaco Prince Albert II François Grimaldi Genoa
(in modern Italy)
Alawi Morocco King Mohammed VI Sultan Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad as-Sharif ibn 'Ali Tafilalt
(in modern Morocco)
Orange-Nassau[w]  Netherlands[x] King Willem-Alexander Prince William I Nassau
(in modern Germany)
Busaid Oman Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Sultan Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi Oman
Thani Qatar Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Saud Saudi Arabia King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Emir Saud I Diriyah
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Bourbon-Anjou[y] Spain King Felipe VI King Philip V Bourbon-l'Archambault
(in modern France)
Bernadotte Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf King Charles XIV John Pau
(in modern France)
Chakri Thailand King Vajiralongkorn King Rama I Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
(in modern Thailand)
Tupou Tonga King Tupou VI King George Tupou I Tonga
Nahyan[z] United Arab Emirates[aa] President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa Al Nahyan Liwa Oasis
(in modern United Arab Emirates)

Political families

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Main articles: Political family and List of political families

Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.

Hereditary dictatorship

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See also: Personalist dictatorship

Hereditary dictatorships are personalist dictatorships in which political power stays within a dictator's family due to the overwhelming authority of the dictator, rather than by the democratic consent of the people. The dictator typically fills government positions with their relatives. They may groom a successor during their lifetime, or a member of their family may manoeuvre to take control of the dictatorship after the dictator's death.

Current hereditary dictatorships
Dynasty Regime Dynastic founder Current leader Year founded[ab] Length of rule
Kim family[89][90] North Korea Kim Il Sung Kim Jong Un 1948 77 years, 51 days
Gnassingbé family[91] Togo Gnassingbé Eyadéma Faure Gnassingbé 1967 58 years, 199 days
Bongo family[92][93] Gabon Omar Bongo Brice Oligui Nguema 1967 57 years, 336 days
Nguema Family[94][95] Equatorial Guinea Francisco Macías Nguema Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1968 57 years, 18 days
Gulleh family[94] Djibouti Hassan Gouled Aptidon Ismaïl Omar Guelleh 1977 48 years, 125 days
Hun family[96][97][98] Cambodia Hun Sen Hun Manet 1985 40 years, 289 days
Déby family[99] Chad Idriss Déby Mahamat Déby 1991 34 years, 244 days
Aliyev family[100] Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev 1993 32 years, 128 days
Berdimuhamedow family[101] Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Serdar Berdimuhamedow 2006 18 years, 313 days
Former hereditary dictatorships
Dynasty Regime Dynastic founder Last ruler Year founded Year ended Length of rule
Chiang family Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Ching-kuo 1928 1988 59 years, 95 days
Trujillo family Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo Ramfis Trujillo 1930 1961 31 years, 93 days
Duvalier family Haiti François Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier 1957 1986 28 years, 108 days
Assad family[102][103]  Syria Hafez al-Assad Bashar al-Assad 1971 2024 53 years, 269 days
Cromwell family England Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell 1653 1659 5 years, 161 days
Somoza family[104] Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza García Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1936 1979 43 years, 39 days
López family[105] Paraguay Carlos Antonio López Francisco Solano López 1844 1870 25 years, 293 days

Influential wealthy families

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Main article: List of wealthiest families

See also

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Part of a series on
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Main article: Lists of dynasties
Look up dynasty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

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  1. ^ Existing sovereign entities ruled by non-dynastic monarchs include:
  2. ^ The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, while William I was the dynastic founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, which currently rules over the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
  3. ^ Not to be confused with dynastic seat.
  4. ^ The House of Windsor is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in AD 1917.
  5. ^ A sovereign state with Charles III as its monarch and head of state is known as a Commonwealth realm.
  6. ^ George V was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before 1917.
  7. ^ Including:
  8. ^ The Realm of New Zealand consists of:
  9. ^ Including: The crown dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man are neither part of the United Kingdom nor British overseas territories.
  10. ^ The House of Belgium is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Belgium" in AD 1920.
  11. ^ Albert I was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before AD 1920.
  12. ^ Claimed by the royal house, but the historicity is questionable.
  13. ^ The House of Norodom is a branch of the Varman dynasty.
  14. ^ The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  15. ^ The Danish Realm consists of:
  16. ^ Including:
  17. ^ The Imperial House of Japan, or Kōshitsu (皇室), is the world's oldest continuous dynasty. The dynasty has produced an unbroken succession of Japanese monarchs since the legendary founding year of 660 BC.
  18. ^ Most historians regard Emperor Jimmu to have been a mythical ruler. Emperor Ōjin, traditionally considered the 15th emperor, is the first who is generally thought to have existed, while Emperor Kinmei, the 29th emperor according to traditional historiography, is the first monarch for whom verifiable regnal dates can be assigned.
  19. ^ The House of Hashim is descended from Banu Qatada, which was a branch of the House of Ali.
  20. ^ The House of Luxembourg-Nassau is descended from the House of Nassau-Weilburg, which is a branch of the House of Nassau and the House of Bourbon-Parma.
  21. ^ The Temenggong dynasty is the ruling dynasty of Johor and a cadet branch of the Bendahara dynasty. The Sultan of Johor is the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
  22. ^ The throne of Malaysia rotates among the nine constituent monarchies of Malaysia, each ruled by a dynasty. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers.
  23. ^ The House of Orange-Nassau is a branch of the House of Nassau. Additionally, Willem-Alexander is also linked to the House of Lippe through Beatrix of the Netherlands.
  24. ^ The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of:
  25. ^ The House of Bourbon-Anjou is a branch of the House of Bourbon.
  26. ^ The House of Nahyan is the ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the incumbent President of the United Arab Emirates.
  27. ^ The President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council. The office has been held by the Emir of Abu Dhabi since the formation of the United Arab Emirates in 1971.
  28. ^ Year authoritarian system began

References

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  1. ^ English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
  2. ^ Harper, Douglas. "dynasty". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "house, n.1 and int, 10. b." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
  5. ^ a b Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website Archived 5 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
  6. ^ "Monaco royal taken seriously ill". BBC News. London. 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  7. ^ "The Dynastic Marriage". ieg-ego.eu (in German). Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  8. ^ "Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2025.
  9. ^ Martin Mutschlechner. "Franz Stephan as the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty". The World of the Habsburgs. Retrieved 21 September 2025.
  10. ^ Thomson, David (1961). "The Institutions of Monarchy". Europe Since Napoleon. New York: Knopf. pp. 79–80. The basic idea of monarchy was the idea that hereditary right gave the best title to political power...The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige...Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria were alike infatuated with the idea of strengthening their power, centralizing government in their own hands as against local and feudal privileges, and so acquiring more absolute authority in the state. Moreover, the very dynastic rivalries and conflicts between these eighteenth-century monarchs drove them to look for ever more efficient methods of government
  11. ^ Brown, Delmer M. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–145. ISBN 978-0521223522.
  12. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 10–20.
  13. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-1138961159.
  14. ^ Narayanan, M.G.S. (2013). Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur: CosmoBooks. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-8188765072.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  15. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-1138961159.
  16. ^ Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–140.
  17. ^ Campbell, I.C. (2001). Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern. Canterbury University Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0908812141.
  18. ^ Wood, A.H. (1932). History of the Kingdom of Tonga. Methodist Mission Press. pp. 15–25.
  19. ^ Shennan, J.H. (2007). The Bourbons: The History of a Dynasty. Hambledon Continuum. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-1852855239.
  20. ^ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. pp. 50–70. ISBN 978-1780230306.
  21. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 150–160. ISBN 978-1138961159.
  22. ^ Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210.
  23. ^ Lee, Ki-baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0674615762.
  24. ^ Grayson, A.K. (1991). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods. University of Toronto Press. pp. 10–20. ISBN 978-0802059659.
  25. ^ Cohen, Ronald (1967). The Kanuri of Bornu. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 15–25. ISBN 978-0030616006.
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