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The Fugs

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The Fugs
Ad for the Fugs appearance at Eagles Auditorium, Seattle, 1968
Ad for the Fugs appearance at Eagles Auditorium, Seattle, 1968
Background information
OriginLower East Side, New York City, U.S.
Genres
Years active
  • 1964–1969
  • 1984–present
Labels
Members
Websitethefugs.com

The Fugs is an American rock band formed in New York City in late 1964, by poets Ed Sanders and Tuli Kupferberg, with Ken Weaver on drums. Soon afterward, they were joined by Peter Stampfel and Steve Weber of the Holy Modal Rounders. Kupferberg named the band from a euphemism for fuck used in Norman Mailer's novel The Naked and the Dead.

The band were prominent leaders of the 1960s underground scene and became an important part of the American counterculture of that decade. The group is known for its comedic, satirical and explicit lyricism as well as their persistent anti–Vietnam War sentiment, which culminated in Ed Sanders leading an "Exorcism of the Pentagon" in 1967. Since the 1980s, they've performed at several events regarding other U.S. involved wars.

Background and Formation

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According to Ed Sanders, the idea of forming a band arose in late 1964 after a poetry reading at Café Le Metro on New York's Lower East Side. He and fellow poet-artist Tuli Kupferberg—already known in the downtown scene for his anarchic humor and protest art—spent an evening discussing how to bring the immediacy of Beat poetry into the idiom of rock ’n’ roll. Sanders later recalled proposing “a poetry-rock group that would combine the joy of verse with the noise of the streets,” to which Kupferberg instantly agreed.[3]

Both men were active in the Lower East Side's countercultural network of poets, artists, and folk musicians centered around St. Mark's Place and the East Tenth Street galleries. Sanders soon opened the Peace Eye Bookstore—part press office for his mimeographed journal Fuck You/A Magazine of the Arts and part salon for radical poets—which quickly became the group's headquarters and rehearsal space.[4]

In early sessions held behind the bookstore's shelves, Sanders and Kupferberg were joined by drummer Ken Weaver to set their poems to rudimentary rock and folk rhythms. They described the result as “holy anarchy”—a blend of chant, satire, and street theater intended as both entertainment and political protest. From these experiments the Fugs were born, formally debuting at the Peace Eye opening celebration in December 1964.[5][6]

The group's original core—Sanders, Kupferberg, and Weaver—was soon augmented by a rotating cast of New York session and folk-scene musicians. Among those who appeared in the 1960s were guitarists Danny Kortchmar and Eric Gale; keyboardist Lee Crabtree; bassist Chuck Rainey; clarinetist Perry Robinson; and others.[7][8][9] In early 1965, Peter Stampfel and Steve Weber of the Holy Modal Rounders briefly joined the group, contributing to rehearsals and the sessions for The Fugs First Album.[10]

The early performances, described by Sanders as “free-form happenings,” mixed anti-war chants, erotic satire, and minimalist rock, often presented with theatrical provocation.[11] By 1966, the Fugs had become fixtures of the Lower East Side counterculture, performing at anti-war rallies and benefits.

Folklorist Harry Smith, compiler of Anthology of American Folk Music, became an early supporter and facilitated the Fugs’ introduction to Bernard Stollman, founder of the avant-garde label ESP-Disk’.[12][13] Signing with ESP in 1965, the group recorded their debut LP The Fugs First Album and its follow-up The Fugs. Sanders later joked that “our royalty rate was less than 3%, one of the lower percentages in the history of Western civilization,” a reflection of ESP's notoriously opaque accounting practices.[14][15]

In February 1967, the group briefly signed with Atlantic Records and recorded an album titled The Fugs Eat It, which was ultimately shelved and never released.[16] Later that year, they joined Reprise Records, releasing Tenderness Junction (1968) and It Crawled into My Hand, Honest (1968), which expanded their musical palette and confirmed their reputation as one of the most irreverent voices of the 1960s counterculture.[17]

For most of their later career, the Fugs were composed of the primary singer-songwriters Sanders and, until his death in 2010, Kupferberg, together with composer and guitarist Steven Taylor—a long-time collaborator of Allen Ginsberg—percussionist and vocalist Coby Batty, and musician-producer Scott Petito.[18][19][20]

Career

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It Crawled into My Hand, Honest, 1968

1960s

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After early independent performances, the Fugs signed with the New York avant-garde label ESP-Disk’ in 1965, home to free-jazz and experimental acts such as Albert Ayler and the Holy Modal Rounders. Their 1965–66 albums, The Fugs First Album and The Fugs, established their mix of Beat-inspired satire, proto-punk minimalism, and political theatre.[21]

In 1965, Andy Warhol briefly considered the Fugs for his multimedia series Exploding Plastic Inevitable before selecting The Velvet Underground. Warhol attended early performances at Sanders’ Peace Eye Bookstore and appeared at the group's anti-war benefit Night of Napalm, later inspiring their improvised track “Spontaneous Salute to Andy Warhol.”[22]

The band soon became prominent within the 1960s counterculture, combining musical provocation with activism. On January 1, 1966, New York police raided the Peace Eye Bookstore and arrested Sanders on obscenity charges; he was later acquitted with ACLU support, which increased the group's notoriety.[23] The Fugs also performed at the 1967 March on the Pentagon, where Sanders and others attempted to “levitate” the building—an event chronicled in Norman Mailer’s The Armies of the Night. A recording of the ritual, titled “Exorcising the Evil Spirits from the Pentagon,” appears on their 1968 Reprise album Tenderness Junction.[24]

Amid growing controversy, the Fugs left ESP for Reprise Records in 1967, releasing Tenderness Junction and It Crawled into My Hand, Honest the following year. These albums expanded their sound with tape collage, surreal comedy, and ritual theatre, cementing their reputation as satirical chroniclers of the era's political chaos.[25]

The band toured Europe twice in 1968, performing in Denmark, Sweden, and West Germany at the Internationale Essener Songtage alongside Tangerine Dream, Peter Brötzmann, and other underground musicians.[26] In 1969, the FBI investigated the group for obscenity after a broadcasting executive described them as “the filthiest and most vulgar thing the human mind could possibly conceive.” The case was eventually dropped.[27]

1970s

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In 1971, at a General Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a Fugs song was castigated by Ezra Taft Benson, a high-ranking elder who would go on to become its President. In a speech condemning rock music as Satanic, Benson said "the cynic defends his degeneracy by ridiculing his critics with confusing metaphors". He complained that critiquing "The words of the rock recording 'I Couldn't Get High'" caused people to call for the LDS hymn "High on the Mountain Top" to be dropped from songbooks. Benson disputed the retort that "If one sees filthy implications in a popular song, it is because he has a dirty mind", saying "No filth is [merely] implied in many of the lyrics. It is proclaimed."[28]

Ad for The Fugs album Tenderness Junction in the Seattle underground paper Helix, January 18, 1968

One of their better-known songs is an adaptation of Matthew Arnold's poem "Dover Beach". Others were settings of William Blake's poems "Ah! Sun-flower" and "How Sweet I Roam'd". Another, "Nothing", is a paraphrasing of the Yiddish folk song "Bulbes".[29]

1980s-1990s

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After pursuing individual projects over the years, in 1984 Sanders and Kupferberg re-formed the band and staged a series of Fugs reunion concerts.[30] On August 15, 1988, at the Byrdcliff Barn in Woodstock, New York, the Fugs performed one of their first real reunion concerts. This incarnation of the Fugs included, at various times, the guitarist and singer Steve Taylor (who was also Allen Ginsberg's teaching assistant at the Naropa Institute), the drummer and singer Coby Batty, the bassist Mark Kramer, the guitarist Vinny Leary (who had contributed to the first two original Fugs albums), and the bassist and keyboardist Scott Petito. The re-formed Fugs performed concerts at numerous locations in the United States and Europe over the next several years.

In 1994 the band intended to perform a series of concerts in Woodstock, New York (where Sanders had lived for many years) to commemorate the 1969 Woodstock Festival, which had actually occurred near the town of Bethel, some 50 miles away. They learned that a group of promoters were planning to stage Woodstock '94 that August near Saugerties, about eight miles from Woodstock, and that this festival would be much more tightly controlled and commercialized than the original. Consequently, the Fugs staged their own August 1994 concerts as "The Real Woodstock Festival", in an atmosphere more in keeping with the spirit of the 1969 festival. The basic Fugs roster of Sanders, Kupferberg, Taylor, Batty, and Petito performed in this series of concerts with additional vocal support from Amy Fradon and Leslie Ritter and also with appearances by Allen Ginsberg and Country Joe McDonald. In 2003, the group released The Fugs Final CD (Part 1) with positive feedback. In 2004, the Fugs began to record Be Free: The Fugs Final CD (Part 2).

2000s-2020s

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In 2009, Kupferberg suffered two strokes, the latter of which severely hindered his eyesight. He was under constant care, but was able to finish recording his tracks for Be Free in his New York City apartment. A benefit for Kupferberg was held in Brooklyn, New York, in February 2010, featuring all of the Fugs minus Kupferberg, as well as Lou Reed, Sonic Youth, Patti Smith Group guitarist Lenny Kaye, and others. Be Free: The Fugs Final CD (Part 2) was released on February 23, 2010. The album art, designed by Sanders, featured a snail reading Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl". The album was produced by Taylor and Sanders.

Kupferberg died on July 12, 2010, in Manhattan, at the age of 86.[31] In 2008, in one of his last interviews, he told Mojo magazine, "Nobody who lived through the '50s thought the '60s could've existed. So there's always hope."[32]

The remaining Fugs from time to time seriously consider further performances.[33][30] On June 11, 2011, the four remaining Fugs performed at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London as part of the annual Meltdown Festival, curated that year by Ray Davies of the Kinks. Their set received a four-star review in The Guardian.[34]

They performed at the Beachland Ballroom in Cleveland on November 30, 2012, and at the City Winery in Chicago on December 1, 2012. They performed at the Brooklyn Folk Festival on November 10, 2021.

Musical style and Legacy

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Although often described as primitive musicians, the Fugs developed a deliberately raw and satirical sound that combined folk simplicity with avant-garde experimentation. Their arrangements alternated between acoustic street chants, proto-punk garage rock, and collage-like spoken-word performances incorporating poetry and found sound.[35][36] Drawing on the ethos of Beat poetry and Dadaist theater, they blurred the boundaries between performance art and rock, using irony and obscenity as political tools.[37][38]

Critics have since credited the group with anticipating elements of punk, alternative, and performance-art rock. Greil Marcus described their work as “a theater of absurd democracy,” while Jim DeRogatis called them “the missing link between Allen Ginsberg and Iggy Pop.”[39][40] Their songs, often built around simple three-chord structures, incorporated extended improvisations, political chants, and surreal humor, creating what Sanders termed “holy anarchy.”[41]

In 1968, writer Tom Robbins described them as "Incongruously... this trio of hairy gross ginch gropers is the most intellectual, sophisticated and literary ensemble in rock."[42][43]

They have been cited as an influence by artists including Bob Dylan, Sonic Youth, Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd, The Godz, David Peel, Lou Reed of The Velvet Underground, Frank Zappa, Iggy Pop of The Stooges, Donald Fagen of Steely Dan, Jonathan Richman, and King Missile; and have been covered by the Melvins, Sun City Girls, Richie Havens, and the Edgar Broughton Band.[44][45][46][47][48]

While unconfirmed, one regional report claimed that Paul McCartney mentioned enjoying the Fugs during a 1966 U.S. press conference, though no primary transcript exists to substantiate the remark.[49] Contemporary critics have occasionally compared certain Beatles recordings—such as the chaotic passages of The White Album—to the Fugs’ anarchic and satirical style, though no direct influence has been documented.[50][51][52][53]

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The band can be seen performing in the cult film Chappaqua (1967) by Conrad Rooks. Tuli Kupferberg made appearances in W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism (1971) by Dušan Makavejev and played God in Voulez-vous coucher avec God? (1972) by Michael Hirsh and Jack Christie. Their song "CIA Man" was featured during the closing credits of the 2008 Coen brothers film Burn After Reading, and during the closing credits of the fifth episode of the 2017 docudrama miniseries Wormwood.

In a 2012 interview with National Public Radio, Ed Sanders read a leaflet from an August 1965 show: "The Fugs present: Night of napalm, songs against the war, rock n' roll bomb shrieks, heavy metal orgasms! Watch all The Fugs die in a napalm raid!"[54] It's one of the first times that a band used the phrase “heavy metal” in a performance context, predating the later popularization of the term in Steppenwolf’s 1968 song “Born to Be Wild.”[55][56][57][58]

Primary lineups

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The Fugs went through a number of lineup changes. Below are those that lasted the longest. For instance, guitarist Stefan Grossman was with the band for only several weeks, so this lineup is not included.

Period Members Album releases
1964 – February 1965 The Fugs First Album (1965)
Summer 1965
  • Tuli Kupferberg – vocals, percussion
  • Ed Sanders – vocals
  • Ken Weaver – drums, vocals
  • Steve Weber – guitar, vocals
  • Vinny Leary – guitar, vocals
  • John Anderson – bass, vocals
September - October 1965
  • Tuli Kupferberg - vocals, percussion
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Ken Weaver - drums, vocals
  • Steve Weber - guitar, vocals
 none
December 1965 – July 1966
  • Tuli Kupferberg – vocals
  • Ed Sanders – vocals
  • Ken Weaver – drums, vocals
  • Lee Crabtree – keyboards, percussion
  • Vinny Leary – guitar, vocals
  • John Anderson – bass, vocals
  • Pete Kearney – guitar, vocals
 The Fugs (1966)
July - October 1966
  • Tuli Kupferberg - vocals
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Ken Weaver - drums, vocals
  • Lee Crabtree - keyboards, percussion
  • Jon Kalb - lead guitar, vocals
  • Vinny Leary - rhythm guitar, vocals
  • John Anderson - bass, vocals
October 1966 - Spring 1967
  • Tuli Kupferberg - vocals
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Ken Weaver - drums, vocals
  • Lee Crabtree - keyboards, percussion
  • Jake Jacobs - guitar, vocals
  • Chuck Rainey - bass, vocals
 none
Summer 1967 - Summer 1968
  • Tuli Kupferberg - vocals
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Ken Weaver - drums, vocals
  • Ken Pine - guitar, vocals
  • Danny Kortchmar - guitar, violin
  • Charles Larkey - bass
Winter 1968 - March 1969
  • Tuli Kupferberg - vocals
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Ken Weaver - drums, vocals
  • Ken Pine - guitar, vocals
  • Bill Wolf - bass, vocals
  • Bob Mason - drums
1984 - July 2010
  • Tuli Kupferberg - vocals
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Steven Taylor - vocals, guitar
  • Scotty Petito - bass, keyboards
  • Coby Batty - drums, percussion, vocals
  • No More Slavery (1986)
  • Star Peace - A Musical Drama in Three Acts (1987)
  • The Fugs Final CD (Part 1) (2003)
  • Be Free - The Fugs Final CD (Part 2) (2010)
July 2010 - present
  • Ed Sanders - vocals
  • Steven Taylor - vocals, guitar
  • Scotty Petito - bass, keyboards
  • Coby Batty - drums, percussion, vocals
  • Dancing in the Universe (2023)

Timeline

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Discography

[edit]

Studio albums

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Year Title US Top 200 Label
1965 The Village Fugs Sing Ballads of Contemporary Protest, Point of Views, and General Dissatisfaction — Broadside/Folkways
1966 The Fugs First Album* 142 ESP-Disk
The Fugs 95
1967 The Fugs Eat It (unreleased) — Atlantic
Virgin Fugs — ESP Disk
1968 Tenderness Junction — Reprise
It Crawled Into My Hand, Honest 167
1969 The Belle of Avenue A —
1986 No More Slavery — New Rose
1987 Star Peace – A Musical Drama in Three Acts —
2003 The Fugs Final CD (Part 1) — Artemis
2010 Be Free: The Fugs Final CD (Part 2) — Fugs Records
2023 Dancing in the Universe —

* The Fugs First Album is a retitled reissue of the Broadside/Folkways LP.

Live albums

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Year Title Label
1970 Golden Filth (Live at the Fillmore East) Reprise
1984 Refuse to Be Burnt Out New Rose
Baskets of Love Olufsen
1993 Fugs Live in Woodstock MUSIK/MUSIK
1995 The Real Woodstock Festival Big Beat

Compilation albums

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Year Title Label Notes
1975 Fugs 4, Rounders Score ESP-Disk Consists of recordings from first two albums plus two unreleased cuts from first album sessions.
(Four unreleased tracks by The Holy Modal Rounders are included, and date from first album sessions as well.)
1982 The Fugs Greatest Hits Vol. 1 PVC Compilation drawing from the first three albums.
1990 Songs from a Portable Forest Gazell Chronicles the 1980s reunion albums.
1994 Live from the 60s Big Beat This album is made up of recordings from assorted (unprofessionally recorded) tapes of various shows, and home demos.
2001 Electromagnetic Steamboat: The Reprise Recordings Rhino Handmade Includes the four Reprise albums in their entirety plus special promo edits, mono mix of Tenderness Junction (except for "Aphrodite Mass") and tracks from the unreleased Atlantic LP (in censored, mono form).
2006 Greatest Hits 1984–2004 Fugs Records
2008 Don't Stop! Don't Stop! Big Beat Repackaging of the first two albums with various outtakes, demos and live recordings.
2010 Tenderness Junction/It Crawled Into My Hand, Honest Floating World Two-fer combining the first two Reprise albums. Unlike the Rhino Handmade set, which used tapes, this release is sourced from vinyl.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Roberts, Randall (September 26, 2015). "L.A. band Wand plugs into retro-futuristic psychedelia; Carole King's City revisited". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  2. ^ David E. Morse (February 1969). "Avant-Rock in the Classroom". English Journal. 58 (2): 196–200, 297. doi:10.2307/812592. JSTOR 812592.
  3. ^ Sanders, Ed (2008). Fug You: An Informal History of the Peace Eye Bookstore, the Fugs, the Lower East Side, the Sixties, and the Haight-Ashbury. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306815836.
  4. ^ "The Police Raid Peace Eye Bookstore". Downtown Pop Underground (University of Iowa). Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  5. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (November 28, 2012). "Return of the Original Freak-Folks: The Fugs". WBEZ Chicago. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  6. ^ Kalish, Jon (May 5, 2012). "'Fug You': The Wild Life of Ed Sanders". NPR. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  7. ^ "The Fugs official site – Biography". TheFugs.com. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  8. ^ Sanders, Ed (2008). Fug You. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306815836.
  9. ^ "The Fugs – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  10. ^ Sanders, Ed (2008). Fug You. Da Capo Press. pp. 83–89. ISBN 978-0306815836.
  11. ^ Kalish, Jon (May 4, 2012). "'Fug You': The Wild Life of Ed Sanders". NPR. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  12. ^ "The History of ESP-Disk'". JazzTimes. August 17, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  13. ^ "ESP-Disk Founder Bernard Stollman Has Died". Pitchfork. April 20, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  14. ^ "The Fugs official site – Biography". TheFugs.com. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  15. ^ Weiss, Jason (2012). Always in Trouble: An Oral History of ESP-Disk’, the Most Outrageous Record Label in America. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-7159-5.
  16. ^ Sanders, Ed. "History of the Fugs, Part 3". TheFugs.com. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  17. ^ "The Fugs – Tenderness Junction / It Crawled into My Hand, Honest (reissue review)". Uncut. January 14, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  18. ^ "The Fugs official site – Biography". TheFugs.com. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  19. ^ "Steven Taylor – Faculty Profile". Naropa University. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  20. ^ "Scott Petito – Discography credits". Discogs. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  21. ^ "The History of ESP-Disk'". JazzTimes. August 17, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  22. ^ Kalish, Jon. "'Fug You': The Wild Life of Ed Sanders". NPR. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  23. ^ "Poet Ed Sanders Acquitted in Obscenity Trial". The Village Voice. March 1966.
  24. ^ "Smithsonian: How Activists Tried to Levitate the Pentagon". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  25. ^ "Uncut Review: Tenderness Junction / It Crawled into My Hand, Honest". Uncut. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  26. ^ "Rock Prosopography 102 – The Fugs Family Tree". Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  27. ^ "Inside the FBI's File on The Fugs". Vice. November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  28. ^ Ezra Taft Benson (October 3, 1971). "Satan's Thrust—Youth". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
  29. ^ Goldsmith, Kenneth (2020). Duchamp Is My Lawyer: The Polemics, Pragmatics, and Poetics of UbuWeb. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-231-54691-1.
  30. ^ a b Kot, Greg. "The Fugs Still Riotous After All These Years". Chicago Tribune, November 27, 2012. [1]
  31. ^ "The Dead Rock Stars Club 2010 July to December". Thedeadrockstarsclub.com. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  32. ^ Mojo, no. 203, October 2010, p. 34.
  33. ^ Sanders, Ed. "History of the Fugs, Part 3". TheFugs.com. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  34. ^ Review of the Fugs, The Guardian
  35. ^ "The Fugs: Proto-Punk and Poetry". PopMatters. March 4, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  36. ^ "The Fugs: 'We Were More or Less Making Fun of Everything'". The Guardian. January 26, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  37. ^ "'Fug You': The Wild Life of Ed Sanders". NPR. May 4, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  38. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn On Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Hal Leonard. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-0634055485.
  39. ^ Marcus, Greil (2014). The History of Rock ’n’ Roll in Ten Songs. Yale University Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0300187373.
  40. ^ "The Fugs Live from the 60s – Review". WBEZ Chicago. November 28, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  41. ^ Sanders, Ed (2008). Fug You. Da Capo Press. pp. 82–90. ISBN 978-0306815836.
  42. ^ Robbins, Tom (February 15, 1968). "The Fug Thing". Helix. No. v.3, no.1. p. 2. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  43. ^ David E. Morse (February 1969). "Avant-Rock in the Classroom". English Journal. 58 (2): 196–200, 297. doi:10.2307/812592. JSTOR 812592.
  44. ^ Ratliff, Ben (January 25, 2010). "Generations of Admirers Play Their Respects". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  45. ^ "Sonic Youth rocks out for Fugs founder". amNewYork. February 9, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  46. ^ "Torch of Mystics: Sun City Girls on Lebanese News". Dangerous Minds. December 11, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  47. ^ "Fug Farewells". Style Weekly. June 28, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  48. ^ "Influences: Donald Fagen". New York Magazine. March 16, 2006. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  49. ^ "Fug Farewells". Style Weekly. June 28, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  50. ^ Unterberger, Richie (2003). Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock’s Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock. Backbeat Books. pp. 214–216. ISBN 978-0879307432. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  51. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn On Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Hal Leonard. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0634055485.
  52. ^ Savage, Jon (2015). 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. Faber & Faber. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0571277649. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  53. ^ Marcus, Greil (2014). The History of Rock ’n’ Roll in Ten Songs. Yale University Press. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-0300187373.
  54. ^ Kalish, Jon (May 4, 2012). "'Fug You': The Wild Life of Ed Sanders". NPR. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  55. ^ Kalish, Jon (May 4, 2012). "'Fug You': The Wild Life of Ed Sanders". NPR. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  56. ^ Sanders, Ed (2008). Fug You: An Informal History of the Peace Eye Bookstore, the Fugs, the Lower East Side, the Sixties, and the Haight-Ashbury. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306815836.
  57. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn On Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Hal Leonard. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0634055485.
  58. ^ Popoff, Martin (2014). Who Invented Heavy Metal?. ECW Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1770412316.
[edit]
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