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City status in Ukraine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
View of Khust from a hill
Khust, one of the first Ukrainian cities to receive Magdeburg rights

City status is granted by the Verkhovna Rada (the national parliament of Ukraine) to certain populated places. It is not automatically given according to any particular criteria, although since 2024 settlements with more than 10,000 people and a high population density have been eligible for city status under a specific law. In addition, the status is typically granted to settlements of historical or regional importance, even if they do not meet the population threshold.

The status was not strictly defined until the late Middle Ages, when Magdeburg rights spread throughout Europe, giving several settlements legally protected privileges. Under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century, a system of cities and towns developed, with some cities recognized as royal and given special rights. During this time period, as well as under the Austrian and Russian empires from the 18th to the 20th centuries, city status was granted by kings and emperors. The Soviet Union was the first to establish a clearly defined system, categorizing cities by population and importance, and giving the government of Soviet Ukraine the authority to assign or change the status. Since Ukraine's independence in 1991, a similar system has been used, although the categorization of cities into those of regional and district significance was abolished in 2020.

Legally, cities do not differ significantly from other populated places (rural settlements and villages), although city status is often seen as prestigious, helping mobilize resources and attract investors and tourists.[1][2][3] A city may host the administration of a hromada (municipality), in which case the hromada is classified as urban and its government is called a city council. A local council is in charge of municipal services, local development, and other local functions, and its administration is overseen by an executive committee headed by an elected mayor. Cities may also be divided into subdivisions called urban districts, a system currently used in 24 cities. Cities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants are classified as small and fall under a national program for their development.

As of November 2025, there are 463 cities in Ukraine.[4][5][6] The largest city is Kyiv, the country's capital, with a population of over 2.9 million, while the smallest inhabited city is Uhniv, with an estimated 939 residents as of 2022. One city – Pripyat – is fully abandoned as a result of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster but has not lost its city status.[4] Kyiv and Sevastopol are also recognized as cities with special status, meaning that they function as first-level administrative divisions independent from the oblasts (regions) or autonomous republics.[7] Olyka most recently received city status, in April 2025.[6]

History

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Pre-20th century

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The Black Sea coast was colonized by the Greeks since the 8th century BC.[8] Many of the colonies later came under Roman control, including Chersonesus, which was granted eleutheria – the status of a free city with the right to self-government and to manage its own land and laws – by the emperor in the first century. In contrast, Tyras was granted autonomy, which likewise provided some rights, albeit limited and exercised under the supervision of a provincial governor.[9][10]

During the Middle Ages under the Kievan Rus', the terms grad and gorod were used to refer to fortified settlements. The exact difference between the two is unclear: while historian Pyotr Tretyakov [ru] theorized that grads were fortified estates inhabited by the nobility, some of which evolved into trading centers called gorods, later historian Petro Tolochko concluded that neither term may have carried any social meaning. From the 9th to the early 12th century, about a hundred grads were mentioned in the Rus' chronicles,[11] although the majority of Rus' settlements were rural and often unfortified, and called ves, selo, pogost, or sloboda. Some grads also served as capitals of principalities, with the major ones located on the territory of modern Ukraine being Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Galich, and Volodimer.[12]

The system of Magdeburg rights developed in Europe since the 14th century, granting selected settlements special privileges including self-government, tax and judicial immunity, the right to own land, trade benefits, and exemption from most feudal duties;[13] however, these rights largely applied to Roman Catholic men.[14][15] The Kingdom of Hungary was the first to grant Magdeburg rights to cities located in modern-day Ukraine, the first being Khust, Vyshkovo, and Tiachiv in 1329. Yuri II Boleslav, the king of Galicia–Volhynia, granted these rights to Sanok in 1339, which brings about the possibility that other major cities of the kingdom, such as Lviv and Volodymyr, could have also received the same rights in that period. After the kingdom was conquered by Poland and Lithuania, the system was implemented widely in the area.[13] Kings granted Magdeburg rights to large cities such as Lwów (1356) and Kiew (1494).[16][17] Magdeburg rights were also sometimes granted by princely houses, for example to Lokhvytsia, Lubny, Pryluky, and Pyriatyn by the Wiśniowiecki family.[13] Under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a system of cities (Polish: miasta) and towns (miasteczka) was first established, with the former status given to settlements of great importance, receiving particular rights,[18] and the latter to settlements privately owned by the nobility that had the permission to organize markets and fairs.[19] Some cities were categorized as private, belonging to noble families or the church.[18] After the issue of the Free Royal Cities Act in 1791, a special category called royal cities was established, granting select cities special privileges including representation in the Sejm, the right to own landed property, security guarantees, and a possiblity of ennoblement.[20] After the Cossack Hetmanate was established as the result of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, numerous towns and cities served as regiment centers, transforming them into important administrative, judicial, economic, and military hubs.[21] Cities and towns were then classified either as magisterial (those holding Magdeburg rights) or as ratusha towns, which were each headed by a chieftain known as horodovyi otaman [uk] and were subject to the jurisdiction of the general Cossack authorities.[14]

The last wave of the granting of Magdeburg rights occured when the rights were granted by the hetmans of the Hetmanate after its union with the Russian Empire, among the last being Poltava and Novhorod-Siverskyi by Kyrylo Rozumovsky.[13] A system of cities (Russian: города, romanized: goroda) and towns (местечка, mestechka) continued to exist under Russia after the liquidation of the Hetmanate.[19] From the early 18th century, city status was given directly by the emperor. The 1785 Charter for the Rights and Benefits of the Cities of the Russian Empire [ru] issued by Catherine II defined the legal rights of city inhabitants and granted cities self-governance, establishing institutions such as city dumas, and the permission to organize markets and fairs. A city was also given a coat of arms and a city plan approved by the emperor. During this period, cities were categorized as capital, governorate (provincial centers), uezd (county centers), or non-uezd. While the exact number of cities in the Russian Empire changed significantly with every administrative reform, their rights and the process of acquiring the city status remained the same.[22] Since the 19th century, a status called gradonachalstvo was assigned to certain municipalities (for example to Odessa in 1803[23]), positioning a city's administration under a city governor (gradonachalnik) subordinated directly to the governor-general.[24]

According to a decree by Emperor Joseph II on 13 May 1784, cities of Galicia and Lodomeria – then under Austrian rule – were classified into three categories. Lemberg, as the regional capital, was the only first-class city; cities granted privileges by the emperor, such as additional pay for city citizenship, were categorized as royal; and urban settlements with their own magistrates were categorized as municipal. In 1811, cities were defined as populated places with city privileges, while towns were granted only the right to hold fairs.[25]

20th century onward

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Initially, the Soviet Union retained the Russian Empire's status system, additionally defining cities as urban populated places with more than 10,000 inhabitants and granting the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee the authority to change the status of settlements within Soviet Ukraine.[26] In 1925, towns were abolished and replaced with urban-type settlements,[27] although some minor historic cities (such as Chudniv and Olyka) were also classified as urban-type settlements.[28][29] In 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union specified that cities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants were subordinated to the raion (district) executive committees, while those with over 50,000 served as separate administrative units subordinated to the presidiums of the republics' executive committees or to oblast (regional) executive committees.[30] Workers' settlements were introduced in 1956 as urban populated places with at least 500 residents, most of whom worked at a single enterprise,[31] but this category was abolished in 1965.[32] Briefly, from 4 September to 30 December 1956, the oblast executive committees were in charge of city status changes.[14]

From 30 December 1956 onward, the authority to change the status was given to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and cities were divided into three categories: of republican, regional, and district significance. Cities of republican significance functioned as first-level administrative divisions not belonging to any oblast (region) or Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. They generally had a population of at least one million (at least 500,000 before 12 March 1981) and served as major economic, cultural, and administrative centers.[31][33] Kiev and Sevastopol were the only Soviet Ukrainian cities with this status, although the latter did not meet the defined population threshold.[14] Cities of regional significance functioned as second-level administrative divisions not belonging to any raion (district), thus forming municipalities that sometimes also included nearby villages. A city of regional significance was required to have a population of at least 50,000 and to possess developed housing and communal services or industry, or to have historic, recreational, or defensive importance, or the potential to develop any of these. All other cities were categorized as cities of district significance, which generally had a population of at least 10,000 and posessed industrial enterprises, a developed economy, state housing stock, or a network of socio-cultural institutions, or the potential to develop any of these.[31][33][34]

Since the independence of Ukraine on 24 August 1991, the country has inherited the Soviet system, with all changes in city status done by the Verkhovna Rada (national parliament) instead. Cities of republican significance were renamed to cities with special status with the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in 1996, which categorizes Kyiv and Sevastopol as such.[7] The general population threshold for cities of regional significance was lowered to 30,000.[34] Cities of regional and district significance were de facto abolished in 2020 as part of an administrative reform[35][36] and removed from law in 2023 along with urban-type settlements, which were reclassified as rural settlements.[37]

Current legislation

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Changes in status

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Article 85 of the Constitution of Ukraine gives the Verkhovna Rada the power to classify settlements as cities and to establish or change city boundaries.[7] According to the law "On the Procedure for Resolving Certain Issues of the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Ukraine", populated places with a population of more than 10,000 people and a predominantly compact residential area can be classified as cities (mista, sg. misto). The law also defines two categories of settlements with largely farmstead-type residential areas: rural settlements (selyshcha, sg. selyshche), which have a population of at least 5,000, and villages (sela, sg. selo), which have a population of under 5,000. Cities are considered urban populated places, while the other two are rural. The law also provides a concrete procedure for obtaining the city status through a decision by the Verkhovna Rada, following a proposal submitted by the Cabinet of Ministers on the basis of an appeal by the local government after a public discussion.[38][39] As of November 2025, Slobozhanske in Kharkiv Oblast is the only settlement to have received city status through this procedure,[5][40] while similar draft resolutions are also registered for Borodianka and Krasnoilsk on the Verkhovna Rada's website.[41][42] Another draft resolution for Slobozhanske in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was withdrawn after concerns were raised that the city status would lead to higher water and transport taxes and require the creation of a separate public utility system,[43][44] although national law provides no link between these potential consequences and the granting of city status.[a][45][46]

Since Ukraine's independence on 24 August 1991 but before the aforementioned law came into effect on 26 January 2024, 24 settlements have received city status largely on the basis of their historic, cultural, social, or economic importance rather than population: Zlatopil (1991),[47] Svitlodarsk (1992),[48] Hlyniany, Zelenodolsk, Pivdenne, Novodnistrovsk, Burshtyn (1993),[49] Rzhyshchiv (1995),[50] Morshyn (1996),[51] Teplodar (1997),[52] Shumsk (1999),[53] Pereshchepyne, Berezne (2000),[54][55] Lanivtsi, Baranivka, Lypovets (2001),[56][57][58] Olevsk, Mykolaivka (2003),[59][60] Perechyn (2004),[61] Novyi Kalyniv (2005),[62] Bucha (2007),[63] Baturyn (2008),[64] Chudniv (2012),[65] and Reshetylivka (2017).[66] While this process remains possible, as seen in Olyka becoming a city in April 2025 despite not meeting the population requirements,[6][29] it is not clearly defined in law, and the ultimate decision in such cases rests with the Verkhovna Rada. As such, special exceptions to the usual procedures may be made, as in the 2022 draft resolution proposing to grant city status to Hostomel solely in recognition of its honorary title Hero City of Ukraine, although the proposal was withdrawn three years later without explanation.[67][68] Similarly, the Verkhovna Rada has the power to revoke city status, through either the change of city boundaries – which has only happened once, when the city of Inhulets [uk] merged into Kryvyi Rih in 2002[69] – or the reclassification of the city as a rural settlement or a village.[38]

Cities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants are classified as small cities.[70] As of 2017, residents of small cities make up 22% of Ukraine's urban population.[71] Such cities often face economic or demographic decline, climate change impacts, dependence on local government, and a lack of strategic planning and communication.[72] To address these challenges, the National Program for the Development of Small Cities was created in 2004. This codified legislative agenda created by the government aims to stimulate business and industry by fostering economic growth, create job opportunities, develop communication networks, and restore natural areas within small cities, among other goals. The program is financed through the state budget controlled by the Cabinet of Ministers as well as taxes collected by the city councils that are generated by economic growth caused by the program.[70] Although the program identified a number of problems faced by small cities and demonstrated the government's awareness of their importance, it failed to meet its developmental goals by 2009 and was criticized for not addressing the issues efficiently and for duplicating the content of existing legislative acts.[71][73]

Administration and governance

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Numerous cities host the administrations of hromadas (communities), the country's third-level administrative divisions. The administrations may also be located in rural settlements or villages; however, when they are hosted by cities, they are referred to as city councils, and the corresponding hromadas are classified as urban.[38] Each city council's administration is overseen by an executive committee headed by a mayor, who is elected by the hromada's residents for a five-year term. While the same procedure applies to most settlement and village councils, rural hromadas (whose administrations are located in villages) with fewer than 500 residents may opt out of establishing an executive committee. City, settlement, and village councils are in charge of a wide range of areas, including municipal property management, socio-economic development of the community, housing and municipal services, construction, transport, communications, education, healthcare, sports, and local environmental issues.[74]

A city may also be divided into urban districts, which can be established and modified by the city council. The districts are managed directly by the city council, or by separate district councils that can be created by the city council, which also defines their powers and scope. An urban district council elects its own head who oversees its administration.[7][74] Urban districts may be abolished by the city council following a public discussion.[38] There are 108 urban districts in total across 24 cities: ten in Kyiv;[75] nine each in Donetsk and Kharkiv;[76][77] eight in Dnipro;[78] seven in Kryvyi Rih and Zaporizhzhia;[79][80] six in Lviv;[81] five in Makiivka;[82] four in Luhansk, Mariupol, Mykolaiv, Odesa, and Sevastopol;[83] three in Horlivka, Kamianske, Poltava, Simferopol, and Kherson;[84] and two in Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Kropyvnytskyi, Kremenchuk, Sumy, and Zhytomyr.[85] Chernivtsi formerly had three urban districts, but they were abolished in 2016,[86] and Sumy is also planning to abolish its districts.[87] Just like other populated places and administrative divisions, each city and urban district is assigned a unique code under the national register managed by the Ministry of Communities and Territories Development.[88]

Since Kyiv and Sevastopol are cities with special status and function as first-level administrative divisions, they host their own executive branches separate from the city councils (Kyiv and Sevastopol city state administrations), which are equivalent to the regional (oblast) state administrations. The two cities' urban districts also host urban district state administrations, which operate as counterparts to the district (raion) state administrations. These entities, collectively called local state administrations, are each headed by the head of local state administration, who is appointed by the president on the submission of the Cabinet of Ministers for the term of office of the head of the state.[89][90] In 2015, due to the War in Donbas, local governments close to the frontline were reorganized into civil–military administrations, which were formed of military personnel and headed by leaders that were appointed and dismissed by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine.[91] Similarly, since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, all local state administrations, as well as many city councils, have been replaced with military administrations, which broadens their power and allows the replacement of civil servants by military personnel while martial law is in effect.[92][93][94]

A special case concerns the abandoned cities of Chernobyl and Pripyat,[b] which are located within the Chernobyl exclusion zone and are de jure part of Kyiv Oblast, but are de facto managed separately by the State Agency of Ukraine for Exclusion Zone Management [uk] subordinated to the Ministry of Energy (or to Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources before its dissolution in July 2025).[96] Unlike other populated places in the exclusion zone [uk], the two cities have not lost their status.[95][97][98] The 2001 census was not held in the exclusion zone,[99] making its exact population unknown, but it is inhabited by about 50 samosely (illegal residents, largely those who refused to evacuate following the Chernobyl disaster),[100] as well as power plant workers, researchers, and border guards.[101][102]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The opening of an intra-regional bus route that passes through a city requires approval from the city council, but this has no direct connection to taxation.[45]
  2. ^ Also romanized as Chornobyl and Prypiat according to Ukraine's national transliteration system.[95]

References

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  1. ^ Бородянка на Київщині отримає статус міста [Borodianka in Kyiv Oblast will receive city status]. Tvoe Misto (in Ukrainian). 6 August 2025. Archived from the original on 9 August 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  2. ^ Shostak, Kyrylo (4 September 2025). В Україні з'явиться ще одне місто — що відомо [One more city will appear in Ukraine: what do we know]. TSN.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 4 September 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  3. ^ Herych, Anna (18 February 2020). Більше (не)місто? [(No longer) a city?]. Zbruc (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  4. ^ a b State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of 1 January 2022] (PDF). db.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian and English). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  5. ^ a b Про віднесення селища Слобожанське Чугуївського району Харківської області до категорії міст [On Classifying the Rural Settlement of Slobozhanske, Chuhuiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast as a City]. Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 13 March 2025. Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
  6. ^ a b c Про віднесення селища Олика Луцького району Волинської області до категорії міст [On classifying the rural settlement of Olyka, Lutsk Raion, Volyn Oblast as a city]. Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 17 April 2025. Archived from the original on 27 May 2025. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
  7. ^ a b c d Конституція України [The Constitution of Ukraine]. Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 1 January 2020 [28 June 1996]. Archived from the original on 2 August 2025. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
  8. ^ Hrushevsky, Mykhailo (1898). Чорноморські торговельні факторії й грецька кольонїзація; Мілєт і иньші метрополії, розвій кольонїзації [Black Sea trading posts and Greek colonization; Miletus and other metropolises, development of colonization]. History of Ukraine-Rusʹ (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Archived from the original on 6 February 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025 – via Izbornyk.
  9. ^ Kolesnykov, Kostiantyn (2013). Елевтерія [Eleutheria]. Митна енциклопедія [Customs Encyclopedia] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Khmelnytskyi. p. 243. ISBN 978-617-7094-09-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2025 – via University of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Kolesnykov, Kostiantyn (2013). "Перша елевтерія" Херсонеса та проблема визначення статусу міста 40-х рр. до н. е.–140-х рр. н. е. у вітчизняній історіографії [The "first eleutheria" of Chersonesus and the problem of defining the status of the city in the 40s BC – 140s AD in domestic historiography] (PDF). History of Trade, Tax and Customs (in Ukrainian) (7): 19–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2025 – via Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.
  11. ^ Mateleshko, Yurii (2006). "Гради" Київської Русі: спроба кількісного аналізу ["Grads" of Kievan Rus': attempt of quantitative analysis] (PDF). Scientific bulletin of the Uzhhorod National University (in Ukrainian) (16): 68–81. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025.
  12. ^ Kuybida, Vasyl; Pavlenko, Volodymyr; Yatsyuk, Volodymyr; et al. (2009). Адміністративно-територіальний устрій України. Історія. Сучасність. Перспективи [Administrative and territorial divisions of Ukraine. History. Modernity. Prospects] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Kyiv. ISBN 978-966-7863-80-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2024 – via Institute of History of Ukraine.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ a b c d Bereza, O. (2014). Магдебурзьке право в Україні та його значення для розвитку місцевого самоврядування [Magdeburg rights in Ukraine and their importance for the development of local self-government] (PDF). Efficacy of Public Administration (in Ukrainian) (40): 91⁠–98. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2025 – via Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.
  14. ^ a b c d Huban, Radym (2018). Становлення та розвиток адміністративно-територіального устрою України в ХХ -на початку ХХІ століття (історико-правове дослідження) [Formation and development of the administrative-territorial system of Ukraine in the 20th – early 21st centuries (historical and legal research)] (PDF) (Doctor of Sciences thesis) (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  15. ^ Hoshko, Tetiana (9 June 2023). Магдебурзьке право в українських містах [Magdeburg rights in Ukrainian cities]. Local History (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 13 February 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  16. ^ 17 червня 1356 р. [17 June 1356]. Lviv City Council (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  17. ^ З історії самоврядування міста [History of the city's self-government]. Official Website of Kyiv (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 29 May 2025. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  18. ^ a b Noga, Zdzisław; Szczygieł, Ryszard (1 December 2016). "Miasta prywatne w sieci miejskiej Królestwa Polskiego i Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Uwagi wstępne" [Private cities in the urban network of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Preliminary observations]. Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych (in Polish) (77): 9–11. Archived from the original on 13 June 2025.
  19. ^ a b Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern (2014). The Golden Age Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe. Princeton University Press. pp. 13–20. ISBN 978-1400851164. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025.
  20. ^ Miasta nasze królewskie wolne w państwach Rzeczypospolitej  [Our Free Royal Cities in the States of the Commonwealth] (in Polish). 18 April 1791 – via Wikisource.
  21. ^ Serdiuk, I. O. (2014). Полкові міста Гетьманщини в другій половині ХVІІІ ст.: економіка та демографія [Regiment cities of the Hetmanate in the second half of the 18th century: economics and demographics] (PDF). Ukrainian state of the second half of 17th–18th centuries: politics, society, culture (in Ukrainian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2022 – via Institutional Repository of Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University.
  22. ^ Mironov, Boris (2012). Город из деревни: четыреста лет российской урбанизации [A city from a village: four hundred years of Russian urbanization]. Otechestvennye Zapiski (in Russian) (48). Archived from the original on 6 August 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  23. ^ Сводъ Учрежденій для Управленія Градоначальствъ [Collection of Institutions for the Management of the Gradonachalstvos]. Сводъ Учрежденій Государственныхъ и Губернскихъ [Collection of State and Governorate Institutions] (in Russian). Vol. 2. St. Petersburg: Second Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. 1833. p. 561. Retrieved 10 December 2025.
  24. ^ "Градоначальник"  [Gradonachalnik]. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона  [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary] (in Russian). 18 April 1791 – via Wikisource.
  25. ^ Nastasiak, Iryna (2005). Організація управління Галичиною і Буковиною в складі Австрії (1772-1848 рр.) [Organization of the administration of Galicia and Bukovina in Austria (1772–1848)] (Candidate of Sciences thesis) (in Ukrainian). Lviv: Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  26. ^ Інструкція про порядок перечислення залюднених пунктів до розряду міських або сільських осель  [Instructions on the procedure for classifying populated areas as urban or rural settlements] (in Ukrainian). 16 April 1924 – via Wikisource.
  27. ^ Постанова Всеукраїнського Центрального Виконавчого Комітету і Ради Народніх Комісарів УСРР "Про загальну назву селищ міського типу"  [Resolution of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and Soviet of the People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR "On the general name of urban-type settlements"] (in Ukrainian). 11 November 1925 – via Wikisource.
  28. ^ Проект Постанови про віднесення селища міського типу Чуднів Чуднівського району Житомирської області до категорії міст районного значення [Draft Resolution on Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Chudniv, Chudniv Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast as a City of District Significance] (RTF). Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
  29. ^ a b Пояснювальна записка [Explanatory note]. Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 11 December 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2025. Процедура, передбачена ст. 10 Закону України «Про порядок вирішення окремих питань адміністративно-територіального устрою України», для вирішення цього питання не підходить... І по суті більш підходить для «нових» міст. Тому для вирішення цього питання доцільно вирішити у винятковий спосіб не шляхом віднесення до категорії міст за вказаним Законом, а шляхом відновлення раніше втраченого стану. [The procedure provided for in Article 10 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Procedure for Solving Certain Issues of the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Ukraine" is not suitable for resolving this issue... And in fact it is more suitable for "new" cities. Therefore, to resolve this issue, it is advisable to resolve it in an exceptional manner not by assigning them to the category of cities under the specified Law, but by restoring the previously lost status.]
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  100. ^ Baba, Maryna (26 April 2023). Як самосели пережили окупацію в Чорнобильській зоні [How did the samosely survive the occupation of the Chernobyl zone]. Deutsche Welle (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 9 November 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  101. ^ Tobias, Ben (8 March 2022). "Ukraine war: Chernobyl workers' 12-day ordeal under Russian guard". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
  102. ^ Chornous, Hanna (26 April 2019). Чорнобиль і його майбутнє. Рай для "зеленої" економіки, заповідник чи туристична мекка? [Chernobyl and its future. Paradise for "green" economics, a nature reserve, or the Mecca of tourism?]. BBC News Ukrainian (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 21 February 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
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