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Calidris

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Calidris
Red knot (Calidris canutus) in juvenile plumage, Brittany, France
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Scolopacidae
Genus: Calidris
Merrem, 1804
Type species
Tringa calidris[1] = Tringa canutus
Gmelin, 1789
Synonyms
  • Philomachus Merrem, 1804
  • Ereunetes Illiger, 1811
  • Erolia Vieillot, 1816
  • Limicola Koch, 1816
  • Machetes Cuvier, 1817
  • Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821
  • Crocethia Billberg, 1828
  • Canutus Brehm, 1831
  • Aphriza Audubon, 1839
  • Tryngites Cabanis, 1857
  • Micropalama Baird, 1858

Calidris is a genus of Arctic-breeding, strongly migratory wading birds in the family Scolopacidae. These birds form huge mixed flocks on coasts and estuaries in winter. Migratory shorebirds are shown to have declined in reproductive traits because of temporal changes of their breeding seasons.[2] They are the typical "sandpipers", small to medium-sized, long-winged and relatively short-billed.

Their bills have sensitive tips which contain numerous corpuscles of Herbst. This enables the birds to locate buried prey items, which they typically seek with restless running and probing.[3]

Taxonomy

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The genus Calidris was introduced in 1804 by the German naturalist Blasius Merrem with the red knot as the type species.[4][5] The genus name is from Ancient Greek kalidris or skalidris, a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds.[6]

Many of the species have been treated under other generic names at various times in the past, but these treatments leave Calidris polyphyletic;[7][8] synonyms are in brackets in the list below.

The genus contain 24 species:[9]

The following species-level cladogram is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by David Černý and Rossy Natale that was published in 2022. Some of the nodes are only weakly supported by the sequence data.[10]

Calidris

Red knot – Calidris canutus

Great knot – Calidris tenuirostris

Surfbird – Calidris virgata

Ruff – Calidris pugnax

Sharp-tailed sandpiper – Calidris acuminata

Broad-billed sandpiper – Calidris falcinellus

Curlew sandpiper – Calidris ferruginea

Stilt sandpiper – Calidris himantopus

Spoon-billed sandpiper – Calidris pygmaea

Red-necked stint – Calidris ruficollis

Long-toed stint – Calidris subminuta

Temminck's stint – Calidris temminckii

Buff-breasted sandpiper – Calidris subruficollis

Sanderling – Calidris alba

Dunlin – Calidris alpina

Purple sandpiper – Calidris maritima

Rock sandpiper – Calidris ptilocnemis

Baird's sandpiper – Calidris bairdii

Little stint – Calidris minuta

White-rumped sandpiper – Calidris fuscicollis

Least sandpiper – Calidris minutilla

Pectoral sandpiper – Calidris melanotos

Western sandpiper – Calidris mauri

Semipalmated sandpiper – Calidris pusilla

References

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  1. ^ "Scolopacidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. ^ Weiser, Emily L.; Brown, Stephen C.; Lanctot, Richard B.; Gates, H. River; Abraham, Kenneth F.; Bentzen, Rebecca L.; Bêty, Joël; Boldenow, Megan L.; Brook, Rodney W.; Donnelly, Tyrone F.; English, Willow B.; Flemming, Scott A.; Franks, Samantha E.; Gilchrist, H. Grant; Giroux, Marie-Andrée (February 2018). "Life-history tradeoffs revealed by seasonal declines in reproductive traits of Arctic-breeding shorebirds". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (2): 1. Bibcode:2018JAvBi..49....1W. doi:10.1111/jav.01531. ISSN 0908-8857.
  3. ^ Nebel, S.; Jackson, D.L.; Elner, R.W. (2005). "Functional association of bill morphology and foraging behaviour in calidrid sandpipers" (PDF). Animal Biology. 55 (3): 235–243. doi:10.1163/1570756054472818. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  4. ^ Merrem, Blasius (8 June 1804). "Naturgeschichte". Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (in German). 168. Col. 542. Published anonymously.
  5. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 280.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Thomas, Gavin H; Wills, Matthew A; Székely, Tamás (2004-08-24). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 515296. PMID 15329156.
  8. ^ Gibson, Rosemary; Baker, Allan (2012). "Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 64 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008. Retrieved 2025-09-12.
  9. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  10. ^ Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). "Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 177 107620. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17707620C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620. PMID 36038056.
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