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C++23

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C++ language revisions

C++23, formally ISO/IEC 14882:2024,[1] is the current open standard for the C++ programming language that follows C++20. The final draft of this version is N4950.[2][3]

In February 2020, at the final meeting for C++20 in Prague, an overall plan for C++23 was adopted:[4][5] planned features for C++23 were library support for coroutines, a modular standard library, executors, and networking.

The first WG21 meeting focused on C++23 was intended to take place in Varna in early June 2020, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[6][7] as was the November 2020 meeting in New York[8][7] and the February 2021 meeting in Kona, Hawaii.[8] All meetings until November 2022 were virtual while the November 2022 meeting until the final meeting in February 2023 was hybrid.[8] The standard was technically finalized by WG21 at the hybrid meeting in Issaquah in February 2023.[9]

Modern "Hello, world" Example

[edit]

After many library changes applied to the working draft, the new "Hello, world" program will be: [1] 

import std;

int main() {
    std::println("Hello, world!");
}

Features

[edit]

Changes that have been accepted into C++23 include:

Language

[edit]
  • explicit this object parameter[10]
  • if consteval[11]
  • multidimensional subscript operator[12]
  • static call and subscript operators and static lambdas[13][14]
  • simplifying implicit move[15]
  • auto(x) and auto{x}[16]
  • new preprocessor directives:
  • extending the lifetime of some temporaries in range-based for loop[19]
  • new standard attribute [[assume(expression)]][20]
  • class template argument deduction from inherited constructors[21]
  • labels at the end of the compound statement[22]
  • alias declarations in init-statements[23]
  • literal suffixes for std::size_t and the corresponding signed type[24]
  • extended floating-point types with literals (conditionally supported)[25]
  • optional () from nullary lambda expressions[26]
  • attributes on lambda expressions[27]
  • constexpr changes:
    • non-literal variables, labels, and gotos in constexpr functions[28]
    • allowing static and thread_local variables that are usable in constant expressions in constexpr functions[29]
    • constexpr function does not need its return type and parameter types to be literal type
    • it is now possible to write a constexpr function for which no invocation satisfies the requirements of a core constant expression[30]
  • narrowing contextual conversions to bool in static_assert and if constexpr[31]
  • trimming whitespaces before line splicing[32]
  • make declaration order layout mandated[33]
  • delimited escape sequences[34]
  • named universal character escapes[35]
  • text encoding changes:
    • support for UTF-8 as a portable source file encoding[36]
    • consistent character literal encoding[37]
    • character sets and encodings[38]
  • New meaning added to some keywords, such as for this.[39]

Library

[edit]

Standard Library Module Support

[edit]

Coroutine Library Support

[edit]
  • synchronous coroutine std::generator for ranges[41]

General Utilities Support

[edit]
  • result type std::expected[42]
  • monadic operations for std::optional[43] and std::expected[44]
  • utility function std::to_underlying to get the underlying value of enum[45]
  • move-only callable wrapper std::move_only_function[46]
  • std::forward_like[47]
  • std::invoke_r[48]
  • std::bind_back[49]
  • std::byteswap[50]
  • std::unreachable: a function to mark unreachable code[51]
  • made std::tuple compatible with other tuple-like objects[52]
  • std::basic_common_reference specialization for std::reference_wrapper yielding reference types[53]
  • adding default arguments for std::pair's forwarding constructor[54]

Compile-time Support

[edit]
  • constexpr support for:
    • std::type_info::operator==[55]
    • std::bitset[56]
    • std::unique_ptr[57]
    • for some <cmath> functions[58]
    • for integral overloads of std::to_chars and std::from_chars[59]
  • metaprogramming utilities:
    • type traits std::is_scoped_enum,[60] std::is_implicit_lifetime,[61] std::reference_constructs_from_temporary, and std::reference_converts_from_temporary.[62]
  • adding move-only types support for comparison concepts[63]

Iterators, Ranges, and Algorithm Support

[edit]
  • new range conversion function std::ranges::to[64]
  • new constrained ranges algorithm:
    • std::ranges::starts_with
    • std::ranges::ends_with[65]
    • std::ranges::contains
    • std::ranges::contains_subrange[66]
    • std::ranges::find_last and other variants[67]
    • rangified versions of iota, shift_left, and shift_right[68]
    • range fold algorithms[69]
  • new std::ranges::range_adaptor_closure, a helper for defining user-defined range adaptor closures[49]
  • new range adaptors:
    • std::views::zip and other variants
    • std::views::adjacent and other variants[70]
    • std::views::join_with[71]
    • std::views::slide
    • std::views::chunk[72]
    • std::views::chunk_by[73]
    • std::views::as_rvalue[74]
    • std::views::as_const[75]
    • std::views::repeat[76]
    • std::views::stride[77]
    • std::views::cartesian_product[78]
    • std::views::enumerate[79]
  • rectifying constant iterators, sentinels, and ranges, that is, std::ranges::cbegin and other similar utilities returning constant iterators should be fully guaranteed even for shallow-const views (such as std::span)[75]
  • ranges iterators as inputs to non-ranges algorithms[80]
  • relaxing range adaptors to allow for move only types[81]
  • making multi-param constructors of some views explicit[82]

Memory Management Support

[edit]
  • std::out_ptr and std::inout_ptr for C interoperability[83]
  • std::allocate_at_least and std::allocator::allocate_at_least[84]
  • explicit lifetime management function std::start_lifetime_as for implicit-lifetime types[85]
  • disallowing user specialization of std::allocator_traits[86]

String and Text Processing Support

[edit]
  • new member functions and changes in string types:
    • std::basic_string_view::contains and std::basic_string::contains[87]
    • disabling construction from nullptr for std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view[88]
    • explicit range constructor for std::basic_string_view[89]
    • std::basic_string::resize_and_overwrite[90]
    • rvalue reference overload of std::basic_string::substr for efficient slicing[91]
  • formatting ranges, tuples, escaped presentation of characters and strings, std::thread::id, and stacktraces.[92][93][94]

Diagnostic Support

[edit]
  • stacktrace library[95]

I/O Support

[edit]
  • formatted output functions std::print and std::println from new header <print>[96]
  • spanstream library (std::span-based string stream) from new header <spanstream>[97]
  • a support for exclusive mode in std::fstreams[98]
  • std::basic_ostream::operator<<(const volatile void*)[99]

Containers Support

[edit]
  • multidimensional-span std::mdspan[100][101][102][103]
  • constructability and assignability of containers from other compatible ranges[64]
  • flat set and flat map container adapters[104][105]
  • non-deduction context for allocators in container deduction guides[106]
  • heterogeneous erasure overloads for associative containers[107]
  • allowing iterator pair construction in stack and queue[108]
  • requiring std::span and std::basic_string_view to be trivially copyable[109]

C-Compatibility Support

[edit]
  • new header <stdatomic.h>[110]

Language defect reports

[edit]
  • C++ identifier syntax using Unicode Standard Annex 31[111]
  • allowing duplicate attributes[112]
  • changing scope of lambda trailing return type[113]
  • making overloaded comparison operators less breaking change[114]
  • undeprecating volatile compound assignments[115][116]
  • fixing the compatibility and portability of char8_t[117]
  • relaxing requirements on wchar_t to match existing practices[118]
  • allowing some pointers and references of this or unknown origin in constant expressions[119]
  • introduction of immediate-escalating functions promoted to immediate functions[120]
  • allowing static_assert(false) in uninstantiated template contexts

Library defect reports

[edit]
  • changes in ranges library:
    • conditionally borrowed ranges[121]
    • repairing input range adaptors and std::counted_iterator[122]
    • relaxing the constraint on std::ranges::join_view[123]
    • renamed std::ranges::split_view to std::ranges::lazy_split_view and new split_view[124]
    • removed std::default_initializable constraint from concept std::ranges::view[125]
    • view with ownership and new std::ranges::owning_view[126]
    • fixed std::ranges::istream_view[127]
  • changes in text formatting library:
    • std::basic_format_string[128]
    • compile-time format string checks
    • reducing binary code size of std::format_to[129]
    • fixing locale handling in chrono formatters[130]
    • improving width estimation[131] and fill character allowances of std::format[132]
    • use of forwarding references in format arguments to allow non-const-formattable types[133]
  • fully constexpr std::variant and std::optional[134]
  • supporting types derived from std::variant in std::visit[135]

Removed features and deprecation

[edit]

Removed features:

  • Garbage Collection Support and (strict) Pointer Safety[136] (meaning only relaxed pointer safety is to be relied upon[137]). This minimal garbage collection support (and pointer safety, needed for it), was added to C++11 but no compilers have ever supported it so the support was removed in C++23.[138] However, that doesn't mean many GC implementations haven't been used, and continue to be used with C++, such as Boehm GC (and it can also just be used for leak detection in leak detection, when in debug mode), and such GC is often implemented in C++, for other languages to use.
  • Mixed wide-string literal concatenation.[139]
  • Non-encodable wide character literals and multicharacter wide character literals.[140]

Deprecated features:

  • std::aligned_storage and std::aligned_union[141]
  • std::numeric_limits::has_denorm[142]

Reverted deprecated features:

  • Use of comma operator in subscript expressions was no longer deprecated but the semantics has been changed to support overloadable n-adic operator[].
  • C headers (The corresponding <*.h> headers for compatibility with C)

Published as Technical Specifications

[edit]

Compiler support

[edit]
  • Clang progressively added partial C++23 support from 2021 in version 13 through to version 18 in 2024, available through the option -std=c++23.[144]
  • GCC added partial, experimental C++23 support in 2021 in version 11 through the option -std=c++2b or -std=c++23 It also has an option to enable GNU extensions in addition to the experimental C++23 support, -std=gnu++2b.[145]

History

[edit]

In the absence of face-to-face WG21 meetings, the following changes were applied after several virtual WG21 meetings, where they were approved by straw polls.

November 2020

[edit]

The following were added after the virtual WG21 meeting of 9 November 2020, where they were approved by straw polls:[146]

  • Literal suffixes for std::size_t and the corresponding signed type
  • A member function contains for std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view, to check whether or not the string contains a given substring or character
  • A stacktrace library (<stacktrace>), based on Boost.Stacktrace
  • A type trait std::is_scoped_enum
  • The header <stdatomic.h>, for interoperability with C atomics

February 2021

[edit]

After the virtual WG21 meeting of 22 February 2021, following features are added where they were approved by straw polls:[147]

  • Removing unnecessary empty parameter list () from lambda expressions.
  • Repairing input range adaptors and counted_iterator.
  • Relax the requirements for time_point::clock.[148]
  • std::visit for classes that are derived from std::variant.
  • Locks lock lockables.[149]
  • Conditionally borrowed ranges.
  • std::to_underlying.

June 2021

[edit]

After the summer 2021 ISO C++ standards plenary virtual meeting of June 2021, new features and defect reports were approved by straw polls:[150]

  • Consteval if (if consteval).
  • Narrowing contextual conversions to bool.
  • Allowing duplicate attributes.
  • std::span-based string-stream (<spanstream>).
  • std::out_ptr() and std::inout_ptr().
  • constexpr for std::optional, std::variant, and std::type_info::operator==.
  • Iterators pair constructors for std::stack (stack) and std::queue (queue).
  • Few changes of the ranges library:
    • Generalized starts_with and ends_with for arbitrary ranges.
    • Renamed split_view to lazy_split_view and new split_view.
    • Relaxing the constraint on join_view.
    • Removing default_initializable constraint from concept view.
    • Range constructor for std::basic_string_view.
  • Prohibiting std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view construction from nullptr.
  • std::invoke_r.
  • Improvements on std::format.
  • Adding default arguments for std::pair's forwarding constructor.

October 2021

[edit]

After the autumn 2021 ISO C++ standards plenary virtual meeting of October 2021, new features and defect reports were approved by straw polls:[151]

  • Non-literal variables, labels, and gotos in constexpr functions, but still ill-formed to evaluate them at compile-time.
  • Explicit this object parameter.
  • Changes on character sets and encodings.
  • New preprocessors: #elifdef and #elifndef. Both directives were added to C23 (C language update) and GCC 12.[152]
  • Allowing alias declarations in init-statement.
  • Overloading multidimensional subscript operator (e.g. arr[1, 2]).
  • Decay copy in language: auto(x) or auto{x}.
  • Changes in text formatting library:
    • Fixing locale handling in chrono formatters.
    • Use of forwarding references in format arguments to allow std::generator-like types.
  • Addition of type alias std::pmr::stacktrace which is equivalent to std::basic_stacktrace<std::pmr::polymorphic_allocator>.[153]
  • Changes in ranges library:
    • Refined definition of a view.
    • Replacing function template std::ranges::istream_view with alias templates std::ranges::istream_view, std::ranges::wistream_view, and customization point object std::views::istream.
    • zip range adaptor family:
      • zip_view
      • zip_transform_view
      • adjacent_view (and std::views::pairwise being equivalent to std::views::adjacent<2>)
      • adjacent_transform_view (and std::views::pairwise_transform being equivalent to std::views::adjacent_transform<2>)
  • std::move_only_function.
  • Monadic operations for std::optional.
  • Member function template std::basic_string::resize_and_overwrite.
  • Printing volatile pointers (volatile T*).
  • std::byteswap.
  • Heterogeneous erasure overloads for associative containers.
  • Every specialization of std::span and std::basic_string_view is trivially copyable.
  • Adding conditional noexcept specifications to std::exchange.[154]
  • Revamped specification and use of integer-class types.[155]
  • Clarify C headers. "The headers are not useful in code that is only required to be valid C++. Therefore, the C headers should be provided by the C++ standard library as a fully-supported, not deprecated part, but they should also be discouraged for use in code that is not polyglot interoperability code. [..] This proposal makes the C headers no longer deprecated, so there is no formal threat of future removal. The effective discouragement to use the C headers in pure C++ code is now spelled out explicitly as normative discouragement."[156]

February 2022

[edit]

After the virtual WG21 meeting of 7 February 2022, the following features are added where they were approved by straw polls:[157]

  • Allowed attributes on the function call operator of a lambda
  • std::expected
  • constexpr for cmath and cstdlib
  • Function to mark unreachable code
  • ranges::to
  • A type trait to detect reference binding to temporary
  • Making std::unique_ptr constexpr
  • Pipe support for user-defined range adaptors
  • ranges::iota, ranges::shift_left and ranges::shift_right
  • views::join_with
  • Windowing range adaptors: views::chunk and views::slide
  • views::chunk_by

July 2022

[edit]

After the virtual WG21 meeting of 25 July 2022, the following features and defect reports are added where they were approved by straw polls:[158]

  • Made rewriting equality in expressions less of a breaking change.
  • Reverted the deprecation of bitwise assignment to volatile variables.
  • Added the #warning preprocessor directive.
  • Removed non-encodable wide character literals and multicharacter wide character literals.
  • Allowed labels to appear at the end of compound statements.
  • Added escape sequences delimited with curly braces for octal and hexadecimal numbers and universal character names.
  • Allowed constexpr functions to never be constant expressions.
  • Simplified some implicit move rules from C++20 and allowed implicit move when returning an rvalue reference.
  • Add a way to specify unicode characters by name. For example, U'\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON}' // Equivalent to U'\u0100'
  • Allowed operator() and lambdas to be static.
  • Allowed the this pointer and references of unknown origin to appear in constant expressions.
  • Allowed implementations to define extended floating-point types in addition to the three standard floating-point types. Added the type aliases std::float16_t, std::float32_t, std::float64_t, std::float128_t, std::bfloat16_t for these extended types accessible through the header <stdfloat>, their corresponding literal suffixes f16 f32 f64 f128 bf16or F16 F32 F64 F128 BF16 and added overloads to various standard library functions that take floats as arguments.
  • Added the [[assume(expression)]] attribute which allows the compiler to assume the provided expression is true to allow optimizations.
  • Made support for UTF-8 source files mandatory, providing a portable encoding for source files.
  • Allowed arrays of char and unsigned char to be initialized with UTF-8 string literals.
  • Removed the requirement that wchar_t can encode all characters of the extended character set, in effect allowing UTF-16 to be used for wide string literals.
  • Added std::mdspan, a multidimensional array view analogous to std::span.
  • flat_map and flat_set were added to the standard library.
  • Added the std::print and std::println functions for printing formatted text to stdout.
  • Provide the named modules std and std.compat for importing the standard library.
  • Added support for exclusive mode fstreams, analogous to the "x" flag in fopen.
  • Allowed std::format to handle ranges, tuples, and other containers.
  • Added std::forward_like.
  • Made std::string::substr use move semantics.
  • Added std::generator which implements a coroutine generator that models std::ranges::input_range
  • views::cartesian_product, views::repeat, views::stride, views::as_const, views::as_rvalue.
  • Added new algorithms: ranges::find_last, ranges::contains, and ranges fold algorithms.
  • Made std::tuple compatible with other tuple-like objects.
  • Explicit lifetime management for implicit-lifetime types.
  • Made std::bitset and integral overloads of std::to_chars and std::from_chars constexpr-compatible.
  • Adding move-only types support for comparison concepts.
  • Ranges iterators as inputs to non-ranges algorithms.
  • Relaxing range adaptors to allow for move-only types.

November 2022

[edit]

After the hybrid WG21 meeting of 7 November 2022, the following features and defect reports are added where they were approved by straw polls:[159]

  • Allowed operator[] to be static.
  • Allowed static and thread_local variables to appear in constexpr functions if they are usable in constant expressions.
  • consteval propagates upwards, that is, certain existing constexpr functions become consteval functions when those functions can already only be invoked during compile time.
  • Extended the lifetime of temporaries that appear in the for-range-initializer of a range-based for loop to cover the entire loop.
  • Reverted the deprecation of (all, not just bitwise) compound assignment to volatile variables.
  • Monadic functions for std::expected.
  • Synchronize the output of std::print with the underlying stream if the native Unicode API is used.[160]

February 2023

[edit]

After the final hybrid WG21 meeting of 6-11 February 2023, the following features and defect reports are added where they were approved by straw polls:[161]

  • Referencing the Unicode Standard.[162]
  • Stashing stashing iterators for proper flattening.[163]
  • views::enumerate
  • making multi-param constructors of views explicit
  • relaxing ranges just a smidge
  • escaping improvements in std::format
  • improving std::format's width estimation
  • std::format fill character allowances
  • formatting thread::id and stacktrace
  • A type trait std::is_implicit_lifetime
  • std::common_reference_t of std::reference_wrapper should be a reference type
  • disallowing user specialization of std::allocator_traits
  • std::pmr::generator
  • deprecating std::numeric_limits::has_denorm
  • std::barrier's phase completion guarantees

References

[edit]
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  66. ^ Christopher Di Bella (2021-04-16). "std::ranges::contains".
  67. ^ Zach Laine (2022-06-17). "find_last" (PDF).
  68. ^ Tim Song (2021-12-05). "ranges::iota, ranges::shift_left, and ranges::shift_right".
  69. ^ Barry Revzin (2022-04-22). "ranges::fold".
  70. ^ Tim Song (2021-06-11). "zip".
  71. ^ Barry Revzin (2022-01-28). "views::join_with".
  72. ^ Tim Song (2021-12-05). "Windowing range adaptors: views::chunk and views::slide".
  73. ^ Tim Song (2021-11-19). "views::chunk_by".
  74. ^ Barry Revzin (2022-02-14). "views::as_rvalue".
  75. ^ a b Barry Revzin (2022-06-17). "cbegin should always return a constant iterator".
  76. ^ Michał Dominiak (2022-07-13). "views::repeat".
  77. ^ Christopher Di Bella; Tim Song (2022-07-08). "stride_view".
  78. ^ Sy Brand; Michał Dominiak (2022-07-13). "views::cartesian_product".
  79. ^ Corentin Jabot (2022-12-07). "views::enumerate" (PDF).
  80. ^ David Olsen (2022-04-22). "Ranges iterators as inputs to non-Ranges algorithms".
  81. ^ Michał Dominiak (2022-07-13). "Relaxing range adaptors to allow for move only types".
  82. ^ Ville Voutilainen (2022-11-12). "Making multi-param constructors of views explicit".
  83. ^ JeanHeyd Meneide; Todor Buyukliev; Isabella Muerte (2021-04-15). "out_ptr - a scalable output pointer abstraction".
  84. ^ Jonathan Wakely; Chris Kennelly (2021-01-22). "Providing size feedback in the Allocator interface".
  85. ^ Timur Doumler; Richard Smith (2022-07-15). "Explicit lifetime management" (PDF).
  86. ^ Pablo Halpern (2023-02-08). "Disallow User Specialization of allocator_traits".
  87. ^ Wim Leflere; Paul Fee (2020-06-13). "string contains function".
  88. ^ Yuriy Chernyshov (2020-09-06). "A Proposal to Prohibit std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view construction from nullptr".
  89. ^ Corentin Jabot (2021-03-17). "Range constructor forstd::string_view 2: Constrain Harder" (PDF).
  90. ^ Chris Kennelly; Mark Zeren (2021-09-14). "basic_string::resize_and_overwrite".
  91. ^ "std::string::substr() &&".
  92. ^ "Formatting Ranges". 16 May 2022.
  93. ^ Barry Revzin (2022-07-15). "Improve default container formatting".
  94. ^ Corentin Jabot; Victor Zverovich (2023-02-09). "Formatting thread::id and stacktrace" (PDF).
  95. ^ Alexey Gorgurov; Antony Polukhin (2020-09-16). "A Proposal to add stacktrace library".
  96. ^ "Formatted output".
  97. ^ Peter Sommerlad (2021-02-26). "A strstream replacement using span<charT> as buffer" (PDF).
  98. ^ "Support exclusive mode for fstreams".
  99. ^ Bryce Adelstein Lelbach (2021-09-25). "Printing volatile Pointers".
  100. ^ "MDSPAN". 13 July 2022.
  101. ^ "index_type & size_type in mdspan" (PDF).
  102. ^ "mdspan: rename pointer and contiguous". 15 June 2022.
  103. ^ "Add the missing empty to mdspan".
  104. ^ "A Standard flat_map" (PDF).
  105. ^ "A Standard flat_set" (PDF).
  106. ^ Arthur O'Dwyer; Mike Spertus (2021-03-14). "Stop overconstraining allocators in container deduction guides".
  107. ^ Konstantin Boyarinov; Sergey Vinogradov; Ruslan Arutyunyan (2020-12-15). "Heterogeneous erasure overloads for associative containers".
  108. ^ Corentin Jabot (2021-03-05). "Iterators pair constructors for stack and queue" (PDF).
  109. ^ Nevin Liber (2021-03-19). "Require span & basic_string_view to be TriviallyCopyable" (PDF).
  110. ^ Hans-J. Boehm (2020-10-23). "P0943R6: Support C atomics in C++".
  111. ^ Steve Downey; Zach Laine; Tom Honermann; Peter Bindels; Jens Maurer (2021-04-12). "C++ Identifier Syntax using Unicode Standard Annex 31".
  112. ^ Erich Keane (2020-07-02). "Allow Duplicate Attributes" (PDF).
  113. ^ Barry Revzin (2021-09-14). "Change scope of lambda trailing-return-type".
  114. ^ "The Equality Operator You Are Looking For". 2022-01-13.
  115. ^ "De-deprecating volatile compound operations" (PDF).
  116. ^ "Core Language Working Group NB comment resolutions for the November, 2022 meeting : 2654. Un-deprecation of compound volatile assignments".
  117. ^ "char8_t Compatibility and Portability Fix". 2022-06-17.
  118. ^ "Relax requirements on wchar_t to match existing practices" (PDF). 2022-07-15.
  119. ^ "Using unknown pointers and references in constant expressions". 8 April 2022.
  120. ^ "consteval needs to propagate up". 2022-11-11.
  121. ^ Barry Revzin (2020-02-19). "Conditionally borrowed ranges".
  122. ^ Tim Song (2021-01-12). "Repairing input range adaptors and counted_iterator".
  123. ^ Tim Song (2021-05-06). "join_view should join all views of ranges".
  124. ^ Barry Revzin (2021-03-05). "Superior String Splitting".
  125. ^ Barry Revzin (2021-05-14). "Views should not be required to be default constructible".
  126. ^ Barry Revzin; Tim Song (2021-08-15). "What is a view?".
  127. ^ Nicolai Josuttis (2021-09-24). "Fix istream_view" (PDF).
  128. ^ Barry Revzin (2022-01-18). "Expose std::basic-format-string<charT, Args...>".
  129. ^ Victor Zverovich (2021-02-05). "std::format improvements".
  130. ^ Victor Zverovich; Corentin Jabot (2021-09-11). "Fixing locale handling in chrono formatters".
  131. ^ Corentin Jabot (2022-12-02). "format's width estimation is too approximate and not forward compatible" (PDF).
  132. ^ Tom Honermann (2023-02-08). "std::format() fill character allowances".
  133. ^ Victor Zverovich (2021-09-24). "Add support for std::generator-like types to std::format".
  134. ^ Barry Revzin (2021-02-11). "Missing constexpr in std::optional and std::variant".
  135. ^ Barry Revzin (2020-10-30). "Inheriting from std::variant".
  136. ^ "std::pointer_safety - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
  137. ^ "[basic.stc.dynamic.safety]". timsong-cpp.github.io. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
  138. ^ JF Bastien; Alisdair Meredith (2021-04-16). "Removing Garbage Collection Support".
  139. ^ Jens Maurer (2021-04-12). "Mixed string literal concatenation".
  140. ^ "Remove non-encodable wide character literals and multicharacter wide character literals" (PDF).
  141. ^ CJ Johnson (2021-11-22). "Deprecate std::aligned_storage and std::aligned_union" (PDF).
  142. ^ Matthias Kretz (2022-11-08). "Deprecate numeric_limits::has_denorm" (PDF).
  143. ^ "Programming Languages — Technical specification for C++ extensions for concurrency 2" (PDF).
  144. ^ "C++ Support in Clang".
  145. ^ "C++ Standards Support in GCC - GNU Project".
  146. ^ Ranns, Nina (2020-11-19). "WG21 2020-11 Virtual Meeting: Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  147. ^ Ranns, Nina (2021-02-22). "WG21 2021-02 Virtual Meeting: Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  148. ^ Alexey Dmitriev; Howard Hinnant (2020-10-22). "Relax Requirements for time_point::clock".
  149. ^ Tim Song (2020-11-13). "Locks lock lockables".
  150. ^ Ranns, Nina (2021-06-07). "WG21 2021-06 Virtual Meeting Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  151. ^ Ranns, Nina (2021-10-04). "WG21 2021-10 Virtual Meeting Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  152. ^ "GCC 12 Adds Support For New #elifdef #elifndef Directives". phoronix. May 12, 2021. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022.
  153. ^ Steve Downey (2021-06-14). "Add a pmr alias for std::stacktrace".
  154. ^ Giuseppe D'Angelo (2021-06-28). "Add a conditional noexcept specification to std::exchange".
  155. ^ Tim Song (2021-08-06). "Cleaning up integer-class types".
  156. ^ Thomas Köppe (2021-06-11). "Clarifying the status of the "C headers"".
  157. ^ Ranns, Nina (2022-02-07). "WG21 2022-02 Virtual Meeting: Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  158. ^ Ranns, Nina (2022-08-09). "WG21 2022-07 Virtual Meeting: Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  159. ^ Ranns, Nina (2022-12-05). "WG21 2022-11 Hybrid Meeting: Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  160. ^ Victor Zverovich (2022-11-08). "Should the output of std::print to a terminal be synchronized with the underlying stream?".
  161. ^ Ranns, Nina (2023-03-06). "WG21 2023-02 Hybrid Meeting: Minutes of Meeting" (PDF).
  162. ^ Corentin Jabot (2023-02-09). "Referencing The Unicode Standard" (PDF).
  163. ^ Tim Song (2023-01-31). "Stashing stashing iterators for proper flattening".
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