Anitta text
The Anitta text' also known as Deeds of Anitta, is the oldest known text in the Hittite language, and the oldest known text in an Indo-European language overall. It is said to have been authored by King Anitta.[1][2][3] It is dated to 1700 BCE.[4][5][6]
It is considered by Alfonso Archi as originally written in Akkadian language and Old Assyrian script, at the time Anitta ruled from Kanesh, when Assur colonies were still in Anatolia.[7] This text seems to represent a cuneiform record of Anitta's inscriptions at Kanesh too, perhaps compiled by Hattusili I, one of the earliest Hittite kings of Hattusa.
It also indicates that Anitta's father conquered Neša (Kanesh, Kültepe), which became an important city within the kingdom of Kuššara.[8]
During his own reign, Anitta defeated Huzziya, the last recorded king of Zalpuwa, and the Hattic king Piyusti and then conquered his capital at the site of the future Hittite capital of Hattusa. He then destroyed the city, sowed the ground with weeds, [9] and laid a curse on the site.[10]
Anitta, Son of Pithana, King of Kussara, speak! He was dear to the Stormgod of Heaven, and when he was dear to the Stormgod of Heaven, the king of Nesa [verb broken off] to the king of Kussara. The king of Kussara, Pithana, came down out of the city in force, and he took the city of Nesa in the night by force. He took the King of Nesa captive, but he did not do any evil to the inhabitants of Nesa; instead, he made them mothers and fathers. After my father, Pithana, I suppresed a revolt in the same year. Whatever lands rose up in the direction of the sunrise, I defeated each of the aforementioned.
Previously, Uhna, the king of Zalpuwas, had removed our Sius from the city of Nesa to the city of Zalpuwas. But subsequently, I, Anittas, the Great King, brought our Sius back from Zalpuwas to Nesa. But Huzziyas, the king of Zalpuwas, I brought back alive to Nesa. The city of Hattusas [tablet broken] contrived. And I abandoned it. But afterwards, when it suffered famine, my goddess, Halmasuwiz, handed it over to me. And in the night I took it by force; and in its place, I sowed weeds. Whoever becomes king after me and settles Hattusas again, may the Stormgod of Heaven smite him![11]
References
[edit]- ^ Gonnet-Bağana, Hatice (2015). "Anitta, CTH 1-30 (Proclamation of Anitta of Kussar) - CTH 1". Koç University. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin; Waal, Willemijn (1 December 2019). "A Hittite Scribal Tradition Predating the Tablet Collections of Ḫattuša?". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 109 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1515/za-2019-0014. hdl:1887/3199128. ISSN 0084-5299. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ Yakubovich, Ilya (2017). "The Luwian Title of the Great King". Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche's 100th Birthday. İstanbul: Institut français d'études anatoliennes. p. 39–50. doi:10.4000/books.ifeagd.3452. ISBN 978-2-36245-083-9. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ "Google Books". Google. 2009-10-14. p. 61. Retrieved 2025-10-20.
- ^ "Anitta Text". Schlager Group Inc. Retrieved 2025-10-20.
- ^ Art, Percival David Foundation of Chinese (1979). Decorative Techniques and Styles in Asian Ceramics: A Colloquy Held 26-28 June 1978. Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7286-0067-6. Retrieved 2025-10-20.
- ^ Zsolnay, Ilona (10 April 2023). Seen Not Heard: Composition, Iconicity, and the Classifier Systems of Logosyllabic Scripts. Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures. p. 205-235. ISBN 978-1-61491-088-6. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
Archi (2015) plausibly argues that this text [Deeds of Anitta] was originally composed in the Akkadian language and written down in the Old Assyrian script during the time when Anitta, a king of local Anatolian origin ruled Kanesh/Nesa while the Assurite trading colonies were still operating in Anatolia.
- ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, Volume I. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 226–27. ISBN 0-415-16763-9.
- ^ Durnford, S.P.B.; Akeroyd, J.R. (2005). "Anatolian marashanha and the many uses of fennel". Anatolian Studies. 55: 1–13. doi:10.1017/S0066154600000624. ISSN 0066-1546. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. 2006. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-415-25588-2. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
- ^ Kimball, Sara E.; Slocum, Jonathan (11 December 2013). "Hittite Online: Lesson 1". utexas.edu. The University of Texas at Austin, Linguistics Research Center. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2025.