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3C 368

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3C 368
HST image of 3C 368.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationOphiuchus
Right ascension18h 05m 06.39s[1]
Declination+11° 01′ 32.73″[1]
Redshift1.131000[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity339,065 km/s[1]
Distance8.434 Gly
Apparent magnitude (B)21.5
Characteristics
TypeNLRG[1]
Other designations
4C +11.54, PKS 1802+11, NRAO 0543, NVSS J180506+110132, TXS 1802+110, GLEAM J180506+110132[1]

3C 368 is a distant radio galaxy[2] located in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It has a redshift of (z) 1.131, identified via its strong emission lines from its spectrum,[1][3] and was discovered as a radio source in 1959 by astronomers.[4] The galaxy is classified as a merger product, undergoing an intensive wave of star formation.[5]

Description

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3C 368 is classified as a Fanaroff-Riley Class type 2 radio galaxy.[6] It has an extremely complex structure, with its central nucleus splitting into two different components.[7] Its host galaxy is a large elliptical galaxy, with its surface brightness profile described as being both flat and extended. The profile of the galaxy is also said to be like the brightest cluster galaxies.[8] There is infrared radio emission extending from its central radio core by 32 kiloparsecs, indicating the emission might be produced from either older red giant stars or younger red supergiants.[9] The galaxy also has H II regions, with starbursts mainly dominated by a population of aged O-type stars.[6] The total current star formation is estimated to be 147 Mʘ per year and galaxy's age is around 3.3 x 108 years.[10]

The radio structure of 3C 368 is compact. When imaged with MERLIN, the source has two central components unresolved. Two radio knot features have been discovered. The southern knot is associated with the core and has a steep radio spectrum. The northern knot feature on the other hand, has a flat radio spectrum. Imaging at 5 GHz showed a radio jet is clearly visible from the northern knot leading towards the direction of the northern radio lobe. The regions of the galaxy also display little evidence of polarization, mainly in both of its lobes. The estimated rotation gradients for these lobes are 100 and 63 rad m-2.[11]

3C 368 has an extended emission-line region (EELR). The region is slightly diffused, and has an extent of more than 45 kiloparsecs. The ionized gas and doubly ionized magnesium emission line regions are located closer to its active galactic nucleus (AGN), while the doubly ionized oxygen regions coincide together with a radio component located southwards.[12] Evidence also found the southern lobe is best described by an enveloping gas shell.[13] Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging found the emission region is shaped as a cigar.[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "NED Search results for 3C 368". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-10-12.
  2. ^ Scarrott, S. M.; Rolph, C. D.; Tadhunter, C. N. (March 1990). "Imaging polarimetry of the high-z radio galaxy 3C 368". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 243: 5P–9. Bibcode:1990MNRAS.243P...5S. ISSN 0035-8711.
  3. ^ Spinrad, H. (June 1982). "Redshifts and spectroscopy of very distant radio galaxies with strong emission lines". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 94: 397–403. Bibcode:1982PASP...94..397S. doi:10.1086/130999. ISSN 0004-6280.
  4. ^ Edge, D. O.; Shakeshaft, J. R.; McAdam, W. B.; Baldwin, J. E.; Archer, S. (1959). "A survey of radio sources at a frequency of 159 Mc/s". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 37–60. Bibcode:1959MmRAS..68...37E.
  5. ^ Djorgovski, S.; Spinrad, H.; Pedelty, J.; Rudnick, L.; Stockton, A. (June 1987). "Mergers and Starbursts at Large Redshifts: The Case of 3C 368". The Astronomical Journal. 93: 1307. Bibcode:1987AJ.....93.1307D. doi:10.1086/114413. ISSN 0004-6256.
  6. ^ a b Lamarche, C.; Stacey, G.; Brisbin, D.; Ferkinhoff, C.; Hailey-Dunsheath, S.; Nikola, T.; Riechers, D.; Sharon, C. E.; Spoon, H.; Vishwas, A. (2017-02-10). "CO-Dark Star Formation and Black Hole Activity in 3C 368 at z = 1.131: Coeval Growth of Stellar and Supermassive Black Hole Masses∗ †". The Astrophysical Journal. 836 (1): 123. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/123. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Le Fevre, O.; Hammer, F.; Jones, J. (August 1988). "High Spatial Resolution Imaging of Some of the Most Distant 3CR Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 331: L73. Bibcode:1988ApJ...331L..73L. doi:10.1086/185238. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ Zirm, Andrew W.; Dickinson, Mark; Dey, Arjun (March 2003). "Massive Elliptical Galaxies at High Redshift: NICMOS Imaging of z~1 Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 585 (1): 90–111. arXiv:astro-ph/0211469. Bibcode:2003ApJ...585...90Z. doi:10.1086/346021. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Chambers, K. C.; Miley, G. K.; Joyce, R. R. (June 1988). "2.2 Micron Image of 3C 368 at z=1.13, a Galaxy with Aligned Radio and Stellar Axes". The Astrophysical Journal. 329: L75. Bibcode:1988ApJ...329L..75C. doi:10.1086/185180. ISSN 0004-637X.
  10. ^ Chambers, K. C.; Charlot, Stephane (January 1990). "The Ages of High-Redshift Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 348: L1. Bibcode:1990ApJ...348L...1C. doi:10.1086/185616. ISSN 0004-637X.
  11. ^ Best, P. N.; Carilli, C. L.; Garrington, S. T.; Longair, M. S.; Rottgering, H. J. A. (1998-09-01). "Deep radio observations of 3C 324 and 3C 368: evidence for jet-cloud interactions" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 299 (2): 357–370. arXiv:astro-ph/9803130. Bibcode:1998MNRAS.299..357B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01676.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  12. ^ Hammer, F.; Le Fevre, O.; Proust, D. (June 1991). "Deep Spectroscopy under High Spatial Resolution of the High-Redshift Radio Source 3CR 368: The Monster Elucidated". The Astrophysical Journal. 374: 91. Bibcode:1991ApJ...374...91H. doi:10.1086/170099. ISSN 0004-637X.
  13. ^ Meisenheimer, Klaus; Hippelein, Hans (October 1992). "The emission-line lobes of 3C 368". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 264: 455–471. Bibcode:1992A&A...264..455M. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ^ Longair, M. S.; Best, P. N.; Rottgering, H. J. A. (August 1995). "HST observations of three radio galaxies at redshift z~=1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 275 (3): L47 – L51. doi:10.1093/mnras/275.1.L47. ISSN 0035-8711.
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