阿根廷社会主义

阿根廷社会主义在其历史上呈现出多种不同形式。该国的许多领导人都以社会主义意识形态为其政治框架，这不仅体现在阿根廷国内，也广泛存在于整个拉丁美洲。因此，阿根廷在国际舞台上也因其社会主义历史与领导能力而受到认可。阿根廷在庇隆主义时期对社会主义意识形态的认同，进一步强化了这种全球认知。尽管阿根廷社会主义的历史可以追溯到某些具体时间点，但更重要的是要将其视为国际现象影响的一部分，例如第一次世界大战、第二次世界大战和福克兰战争。如今，阿根廷的社会主义仍可在庇隆主义政府中看到，尤其体现在内斯托尔·基什内尔及其妻子克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·德基什内尔的执政时期^[1]^[2]。

历史

1946年—1974年

第二次世界大战战后的时代，阿根廷社会主义主要受到新任总统胡安·多明戈·庇隆所推行的社会主义模式影响。胡安·庇隆的意识形态和政策被视为“民族主义与非马克思主义基督教社会主义的融合”^[3]。许多政治学家将庇隆主义描述为民族主义社会主义^[4]、民粹社会主义^[5]、家长式社会主义^[6]、天主教社会主义^[7]、非马克思主义社会主义^[8]、社会民主主义^[9]。革命马克思主义者切·格瓦拉认为，庇隆主义是“一种拉丁美洲本土的社会主义形式，古巴革命可以与其站在同一阵营”^[10]。政治学家指出：“1943年胡安·庇隆的崛起并不是阿根廷社会主义力量的终结，而是其高潮”，“许多由庇隆提出或实施的社会法规[...]最初都源自社会党。^[11]”

庇隆建立了一个计划性、受到严格管制的经济体系，其中包括“由国有化产业和社会福利制度构成的庞大公共部门”。该体系具有再分配性质，并优先保障工人福利及赋权工会^[12]。庇隆实施了广泛的社会政策，使阿根廷工人阶级受益，例如建立完善的公共医疗和教育体系，保障工人和农民的权利，促使阿根廷工人的阶级意识觉醒^[13]。庇隆主义大幅增强了工会的力量，并将其纳入国家权力结构之中。同时通过将众多产业国有化，以及对房租、能源、公共服务和食品等实行价格管制，使阿根廷工人能够“拥有全球同阶层中较高的生活水平”^[14]。

到1955年，阿根廷的实际工资相比1945年增长了60%，工资占阿根廷GDP的比例上升到50%。庇隆还缩短了工作日，强制执行带薪年假和星期日休息法规，实施养老金制度和解雇保护措施，以及工伤赔偿制度，并推行由国家强制执行的调解与仲裁程序。这些措施非常有利于工会，而使雇主处于不利地位^[14]。庇隆执政期间，阿根廷劳动者的工会化率达到42%，创下拉丁美洲的纪录。此外，庇隆还引入地区章程，规定立法机构半数席位需由工会代表担任。政治学家写道，庇隆主义代表一种“非马克思主义形式的社会主义”，试图摆脱资本主义生产关系的主导地位^[15]。

1955年，胡安·庇隆被军事政变推翻，反庇隆主义（西班牙语：Antiperonismo）者指责庇隆引发经济动荡。然而，1955至1960年代反庇隆主义者执政时期也未能解决经济动荡。这时期政变频繁，也阻碍了阿根廷像世界主要国家那样实现经济增长^[16]。经济持续衰退并伴随巨额债务，通货膨胀也不断加剧，这促使1973年胡安·庇隆再次当选总统。1974年胡安·庇隆去世后，这种不安情绪达到沸点，引发了一场共产主义起义^[2]。

参考文献

^ Vasconi, Tomás A.; Sanchez, Susan Casal. Democracy and Socialism in South America. Latin American Perspectives. April 1990, 17 (2): 25–38. ISSN 0094-582X. S2CID 145158960. doi:10.1177/0094582x9001700202.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 True False, OR Books: 101–111, 2015, ISBN 9781939293992, doi:10.2307/j.ctt207g8bt.22
^ Finchelstein, Federico. The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014: 75. ISBN 978-0-19-993024-1.
^ James, Daniel. Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. 1988: 241. ISBN 0-521-46682-2.
^ Underwood, Patrick. Conflict and Stability in the Neoliberal Era: Explaining Urban Unrest in Latin America (Doctor of Philosophy论文). University of Washington: 72. 2016.
^ Jean-Pierre, Arthur Bernard. The Pelican Latin American Library: Guide to the Political Parties of South America. Michigan: Penguin Books. 1973: 39. ISBN 978-0-14-021625-7. The regime that was progressively establishing itself in Argentina may be described as populist - a combination of demagogy, nationalism, opportunism and paternalistic socialism.
^ Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 56. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0. Consequently, Peron settled for the term 'justicialism.' The odds clearly favored his Christian and humanist version of socialism.
^ James P. Brennan. Peronism and Argentina. Scholarly Resources Inc. 1998: 28. ISBN 0-8420-2706-8.
^ Rooduijn, Matthijs. A populist Zeitgeist? The impact of populism on parties, media and the public in Western Europe. Amsterdam. 2013: 36. ISBN 978-90-9027334-1.
^ Hedges, Jill. Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel. I.B. Tauris. 2021: 200–201. ISBN 978-0-7556-0268-1.
^ Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 25. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.
^ Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 165. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.
^ Oscar Barrera; Ana Leiva; Clara Martínez-Toledano; Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero. Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019 (PDF). World Inequality Lab – Working Paper. March 2021, (2021/11): 4.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Chrisp, Lynne. Workers' Responses to the Argentine Crisis: The Case of a Cartonero Co-operative (PDF). Northumbria University: 111–112. July 2017. |volume=被忽略 (帮助)
^ Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 69. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0.
^ Military government, 1966–73. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. （原始内容存档于2014-10-13）.

[1] Vasconi, Tomás A.; Sanchez, Susan Casal. Democracy and Socialism in South America. Latin American Perspectives. April 1990, 17 (2): 25–38. ISSN 0094-582X. S2CID 145158960. doi:10.1177/0094582x9001700202.

[True_or_False-2] 2.0 ^2.1 True False, OR Books: 101–111, 2015, ISBN 9781939293992, doi:10.2307/j.ctt207g8bt.22

[3] Finchelstein, Federico. The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014: 75. ISBN 978-0-19-993024-1.

[james_241-4] James, Daniel. Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. 1988: 241. ISBN 0-521-46682-2.

[5] Underwood, Patrick. Conflict and Stability in the Neoliberal Era: Explaining Urban Unrest in Latin America (Doctor of Philosophy论文). University of Washington: 72. 2016.

[6] Jean-Pierre, Arthur Bernard. The Pelican Latin American Library: Guide to the Political Parties of South America. Michigan: Penguin Books. 1973: 39. ISBN 978-0-14-021625-7. The regime that was progressively establishing itself in Argentina may be described as populist - a combination of demagogy, nationalism, opportunism and paternalistic socialism.

[7] Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 56. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0. Consequently, Peron settled for the term 'justicialism.' The odds clearly favored his Christian and humanist version of socialism.

[8] James P. Brennan. Peronism and Argentina. Scholarly Resources Inc. 1998: 28. ISBN 0-8420-2706-8.

[9] Rooduijn, Matthijs. A populist Zeitgeist? The impact of populism on parties, media and the public in Western Europe. Amsterdam. 2013: 36. ISBN 978-90-9027334-1.

[10] Hedges, Jill. Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel. I.B. Tauris. 2021: 200–201. ISBN 978-0-7556-0268-1.

[11] Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 25. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.

[12] Ameringer, Charles D. The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. 2009: 165. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.

[13] Oscar Barrera; Ana Leiva; Clara Martínez-Toledano; Álvaro Zúñiga-Cordero. Social Inequalities, Identity, and the Structure of Political Cleavages in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, 1952-2019 (PDF). World Inequality Lab – Working Paper. March 2021, (2021/11): 4.

[lynne-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Chrisp, Lynne. Workers' Responses to the Argentine Crisis: The Case of a Cartonero Co-operative (PDF). Northumbria University: 111–112. July 2017. |volume=被忽略 (帮助)

[15] Hodges, Donald. Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 1991: 69. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0.

[brit6673-16] Military government, 1966–73. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. （原始内容存档于2014-10-13）.

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