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Zaza language

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"Dimili" redirects here. For the village in Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India, see Dimili, Visakhapatnam district.
Zaza
Zonê ma
Geographical distribution of Zazaki and other Iranian languages of West Asia
Native toTurkey
RegionEastern Anatolia, Kurdish diaspora, Kurdistan
Native speakers
1.5 million (2019)[1]
Dialects
  • Dersim
  • Ovacik
  • Hozat
  • Varto
  • Sivereki
  • Kori
  • Hazo
  • Motki (Moti)
  • Dumbeli
  • Central Zazaki
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-2zza
ISO 639-3zza – inclusive code
Individual codes:
kiu – Kirmanjki (Northern Zaza)
diq – Dimli (Southern Zaza)
Glottologzaza1246
ELPDimli
Linguasphere58-AAA-ba
The position of Zazaki among Iranian languages[4]

Zaza (endonym: Zazakî, Dimlî, Dimilkî, Kirmanckî, Kirdkî, or Zonê ma, lit. 'Our language')[5][6] is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas, who are mostly considered as Kurds, and in many cases identify as such.[7][8][9] The language is a part of the Zaza–Gorani language group of the northwestern group of the Iranian branch. The glossonym Zaza originated as a pejorative.[10] According to Ethnologue, Zaza is spoken by around 1.48 million people, and the language is considered threatened due to a declining number of speakers, with many shifting to Turkish.[1] Nevins, however, puts the number of Zaza speakers between two and three million.[11]

Macrolanguage

[edit]

Zaza language is classified as a macrolanguage by international linguistic authorities. SIL International classifies Zaza language as a macrolanguage, including the varieties of Southern Zaza (diq) and Northern Zazaki (kiu).[12] Other international linguistic authorities, the Ethnologue and the Glottolog, also classify the Zaza language as a macrolanguage composed of two distinct languages: Southern Zaza and Northern Zaza.[13][1]

Classification

[edit]

The Zaza language is considered a branch of the Kurdic subgroup within the Northwestern Iranian languages.[14][15] The varieties of Kurdic do not directly descend from any known Middle Iranian languages, such as Middle Persian or Parthian, or from Old Iranian languages, such as Avestan or Old Persian.[16] Zaza is considered a macrolanguage, consisting of Southern and Northern Zaza.[1] Glottolog database classifies Zazaki under the Adharic branch of Northwestern Iranian languages.[17]

Linguistically, the classification of Zazaki as either a Kurdish dialect or a distinct language is a topic of debate among scholars.[18] Some, such as Ludwig Paul, do not consider Zazaki and Gorani to be Kurdish dialects. According to him, they can only be classified as Kurdish dialects in a political and ethnic context, and it would be more accurate to refer to them as Kurdish languages.[19] The differences between them arise from the Kurdish adoption of Persian linguistic features due to historical contact.[20] Other scholars contend that the classification of Zazaki as a separate language from Kurdish is based on insufficient data, and a detailed comparison between Zazaki and Kurmanji in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon reveals a significant degree of shared features, suggesting that Zazaki and Kurmanji are dialects of the same language.[21]

Furthermore, arguments regarding the classification of both Zazaki and Gorani highlight that the distinction between a dialect and a language is a social construct influenced by factors such as shared identity, history, beliefs, and living conditions, rather than being based solely on linguistic evidence. Therefore, Kurdish can be seen as a socio-cultural umbrella that encompasses both recognized Kurdish dialects (such as Kurmanji, Sorani, and Southern Kurdish) as well as the Zaza and Gorani languages. The term "Kurdic" is used to refer to this broad grouping.[22][23][24]

German linguist Jost Gippert has demonstrated that the Zaza language is very closely related to the Parthian language in terms of phonetics, morphology, syntax and lexicon and that it has many words in common with the Parthian language. According to him, the Zaza language may be a residual dialect of the Parthian language that has survived to the present day.[25]

Endangerment

[edit]

Many Zaza speakers resided in conflict-affected regions of eastern Turkey and have been significantly impacted by both the current and historical political situations. Only a few elderly monolingual Zaza speakers remain, while the younger generation predominantly speaks other languages. Turkish laws enacted from the mid-1920s until 1991 banned Kurdish language, including Zazaki, from being spoken in public, written down, or published. The Turkish state’s efforts to enforce the use of Turkish have led many Zaza speakers to leave Turkey and migrate to other countries, primarily Germany, Sweden, Netherlands and the United States, and Australia.[1][26][27]

Efforts to preserve and revitalize Zazaki are ongoing. Many Kurdish writers in Turkey are fighting to save Zazaki with children’s books[28] and others with newspapers,[29] but the language faces an uncertain future.

The decline of Zazaki speakers could also lead the Zazas to lose their identity and shift to a Turkish identity. According to a study led by Dr. Nadire Güntaş Aldatmaz, an academic at Ankara University, 402 people aged between 15 and 75 from Mamekîye in Dersim province, were interviewed. Respondents younger than 18 mostly stated their ethnicity as ‘Turk,’ their mother language as ‘Turkish,’ and their religion as ‘Islam,’ despite having some proficiency in Zazaki.[30]

History

[edit]

Writing in Zaza is a recent phenomenon. The first literary work in Zaza is Mewlîdu'n-Nebîyyî'l-Qureyşîyyî by Ehmedê Xasi in 1899, followed by the work Mawlûd by Osman Efendîyo Babij in 1903. As the Kurdish language was banned in Turkey during a large part of the Republican period, no text was published in Zaza until 1963. That year saw the publication of two short texts by the Kurdish newspaper Roja Newe, but the newspaper was banned and no further publication in Zaza took place until 1976, when periodicals published a few Zaza texts. Modern Zaza literature appeared for the first time in the journal Tîrêj in 1979 but the journal had to close as a result of the 1980 coup d'état. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most Zaza literature was published in Germany, France and especially Sweden until the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted in Turkey in 1991. This meant that newspapers and journals began publishing in Zaza again. The next book to be published in Zaza (after Mawlûd in 1903) was in 1977, and two more books were published in 1981 and 1986. From 1987 to 1990, five books were published in Zaza. The publication of books in Zaza increased after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted and a total of 43 books were published from 1991 to 2000. As of 2018, at least 332 books have been published in Zaza.[31]

Due to the above-mentioned obstacles, the standardization of Zaza could not have taken place and authors chose to write in their local or regional Zaza variety. In 1996, however, a group of Zaza-speaking authors gathered in Stockholm and established a common alphabet and orthographic rules which they published. Some authors nonetheless do not abide by these rules as they do not apply the orthographic rules in their oeuvres.[32]

In 2009, Zaza was classified as a vulnerable language by UNESCO.[33]

The institution of Higher Education of Turkey approved the opening of the Zaza Language and Literature Department in Munzur University in 2011 and began accepting students in 2012 for the department. In the following year, Bingöl University established the same department.[34] TRT Kurdî also broadcast in the language.[35] Some TV channels which broadcast in Zaza were closed after the 2016 coup d'état attempt.[36]

Dialects

[edit]
  Northern Zazaki
  Central Zazaki
  Southern Zazaki

There are three main Zazaki dialects:[37]

Zazaki shows many similarities with other Northwestern Iranian languages:

  • Similar personal pronouns and use of these[38]
  • Enclitic use of the letter "u"[38]
  • Very similar ergative structure[39]
  • Masculine and feminine ezafe system[40]
  • Both languages have nominative and oblique cases that differs by masculine -î and feminine -ê
  • Both languages have forgotten possessive enclitics, while it exists in such other languages as Persian, Sorani, Gorani, Hewrami or Shabaki
  • Both languages distinguish between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops
  • Similar vowel phonemes

Ludwig Paul divides Zaza into three main dialects. In addition, there are transitions and edge accents that have a special position and cannot be fully included in any dialect group.[41]

Grammar

[edit]

In terms of grammar, genetics, linguistics and core vocabulary, the Zaza language is closely related to Old Azeri, Tati of Iran, Talysh, Sangsari and Semnani, Mazandarani and Gilaki languages spoken on the shores of the Caspian Sea and northern Iran.[42][43][44][45][46] The language also has grammatical similarities with the Parthian language,[47] which is an extinct northwestern Iranian language. Zaza language, with Talysh, Tati, some other central Iranian dialects, Semnani, Sangesari and the Gilaki, forms a belt of northwestern Iranian languages among northwestern Iranian languages. This belt is geographically divided by speakers of Persian, Azerbaijani and Kurdish into two parts: Zaza, Talysh and Tati languages in the western part and Semnani, Sangesari, Gilaki (and other Caspian/Central dialects) in the eastern part. The Zaza language, along with Tati, Talysh and some northwestern dialects, has strongly preserved its Northwestern Iranian isogloss roots and is quite distant from Persian and Kurdish. Overall, from Zaza, Tat and Talysh downward to Kurdish and Persian the languages are successively less "archaic".[44] Zaza language along with Talysh and Tati are located at the westernmost part of the northwestern Iranian languages while Persian and Kurdish are positioned at the easternmost part:[43]

Proto Indo-European Parthian Azeri/Tati Zaza Talysh Semnani Caspian lang./dial. Central dia. Balochi Kurdish Persian
*ḱ/ĝ s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z h/d
*kue -ž- -ž- -ĵ- -ž -ĵ, ž- -ĵ- -ĵ-, ž, z -ĵ- -ž- -z-
*gue ž ž (y-) ĵ ž ĵ,ž ĵ ĵ, ž, z ĵ ž z
*kw29 ? isb esb asb esp s esb ? s s
*tr/tl hr (h)r (hi)r (h)*r (h)r r r s s s
*d(h)w b b b b b b b d d d
*rd/*rz r/rz r/rz r/rz rz l/l(rz) l/l l/l(rz) l/l l/l l/l
*sw wx h w h x(u) x(u) x(u), f v x(w) x(u)
*tw f u w h h h h(u) h h h
*y- y y ĵ ĵ ĵ ĵ ĵ (y) ĵ ĵ ĵ

Like most other languages of the belt, the Zaza language shows a two-case system in the nouns with an oblique ending generally going back to the Old Iranian language genitive ending *-ahya.[48] Linguist W. B. Henning demonstrated about a 100 years ago that Zaza, Talysh and some Tati/Azeri, Semnani and Gilaki, and Caspian dialects derive their present stem from the same old Iranian present participle ending in *-ant-.[49] Zaza, Talyshi, Azeri, Semnani, Gilaki and some other Caspian dialects, derive their present stem from the same old Iranian present participle ending in *-ant:[48][42][50]

English Zaza Semnani Gilaki Tati/Azeri Talyshi
"to go" ši-n- še-nn- šu-n- še-nd- še-d-
"to come" ye-n- ā-nn- ā-n- āmā-nd- ome-d-
"to say" vā-n- vā-nn- gū-n- ot-n- vot-ed-
"to see" vīn-en- ? ī-n- vīn-n- vīn-d-
"to do" ke-n- ke-nn- kū-n- kö-nd- kerd-ed-
English Zaza Semnani Gilaki Sangesari Tati/Azeri Talyshi
"I go" ez ši-n-a a še-nn-ī man šu-n-em a šu-nd-ī men še-nd-en ez še-d-am

In contrast to these languages, in Kurdish and Persian languages the present tense is formed by adding the prefix می mî- (mi-ravam), -di (di-çim) (I go), as a modal prefix to the present stem.

Morphologically, like most of the languages of the belt, the dialects of the Zaza language show two-case system of nouns. In Zaza language, the oblique ending -ī (that going back to the Old Iranian language genitive ending *-ahya) is only attached to masculines. In Southern Zaza (Çermik-Siverek dialects) there is an ending -e(r) attached to feminine nouns in the oblique case and its origin is the old stem of expansion in *-a(r) of relationship terms. Zaza -e(r) actually denoting the oblique case of relationship terms of both genders. It probably have started spreading to feminines in general later. Just like Zaza, in Tati dialects, the oblique case of relationship terms -r also has spread from relationship terms to other terms. Same with Zaza language, other members of the belt, Talysh, Semnani, Tati also have the same oblique case of relationship terms:[48]

father father (obl.)
Zaza pī pēr
Talysh pə pār
Semnani pia piär
Tati/Azeri pia piar

Henning also demonstrated that Harzandi dialect of the Tati language has many common linguistic features with and Zaza and Talysh language and the positioned it between the Talysh and Zaza.[51] Zaza language, as with a number of other Iranian languages like Talysh,[52] Tati,[53][54] central Iranian languages and dialects like Semnani, Kahangi, Vafsi,[55] Balochi[56] and Kurmanji eatures split ergativity in its morphology, demonstrating ergative marking in past and perfective contexts, and nominative-accusative alignment otherwise. Syntactically it is nominative-accusative.[57]

Grammatical gender

[edit]

Among all Western Iranian languages Zaza, Semnani,[58][59][60] Sangsari,[61] Tati,[62][63] central Iranian dialects like Cālī, Fārzāndī, Delījanī, Jowšaqanī, Abyāne'i[64] and Kurmanji distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether the noun is feminine or masculine. Most nouns have inherent gender. However, some nominal roots have variable gender, i.e. they may function as either masculine or feminine nouns.[65]

Tenses

[edit]

The infinitive ending is formed with (-ene) in the north dialect and -(enı) in the south dialect of the Zaza language. The basic stem of the verb is formed by deleting this ending.

The present tense is formed by taking the present stem of the verb, adding the present participle ending and conjugating it. Zaza, Talysh and some Tati/Azeri, Semnani and Gilaki derive their present stem from the same old Iranian present participle ending in *-ant-.[48] The present stem of the verb şiyaene 'to go' for example[66]:

  • Ez şına(n): I go, tı şına(y): you (fem.) go, tı şınê: you (masc.) (go), a şına: she goes, o şıno: he goes.

The present continuous is used in several instances. Its most common use is to describe something that is happening at the exact moment of speech. Present continuous can also describe an event planned in the future when combined with a time indicator for the future.[67][66] The present continuous is formed by conjugating the copula in accordance with the subject and conjugating the verb in accordance with the present tense:[66]

  • Ezo şına (ezan şınan) = I am going, tıya şına(y) = you are (fem.) going, tıyê şınê: you are (masc.) going, oyo şıno: he is going, aya şına: she is going.

Number

[edit]

Nouns in Zaza language are unmarked for the singular and marked with the unstressed -i in the plural.[67] For instance, kerg (hen) kergi (hens), verg (wolf) vergi (wolves), merdım (man) merdımi (men), vaş (grass) vaşi (grasses), estor (horse) estori (horses).

Word derivation

[edit]

The stresses suffix "-ıj" added to nouns of place in Zaza language denotes origin or relationship.[68] Just like Zaza language, in Talysh language of the belt, suffix "-ıj" added to nouns to denote origin or relationship.[69] This suffix is ​​thought to be a remnant of Daylami language. The word "dehche" in the Daylami language had the meaning of peasant, someone from village, and the farmer. Its derivation was deh (village) + che (the suffix denoting origin or relationship). The suffix "-che", is the same as the modern "-ij" in Caspian dialects, it is a suffix for attributing to a place, such as Yoshij, someone from Yosh.[70]

For instance; Soyreg Soyreg-ıj- in Zaza,[68] Lankon -> Lankon-ıj- in Talysh[69] and Yosh -> Yosh-ij- in Caspian dialects[70] (someone from Soyreg, someone from Lankon and somoneone from Yosh) and dew -> dew-ıj- (village -> villager) in Zaza,[68] di -> div-oj- (village -> villager) in Talysh.[69]

Place From/of
Zaza Soyreg Soyregıj
Talysh Lankon Lankonıj
Caspian Yosh Yoshij

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
ʊ
Mid e ə o
Open ɑ

The vowel /e/ may also be realized as [ɛ] when occurring before a consonant. /ɨ/ may become lowered to [ɪ] when occurring before a velarized nasal /n/ [ŋ], or occurring between a palatal approximant /j/ and a palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/. Vowels /ɑ/, /ɨ/, or /ə/ become nasalized when occurring before /n/, as [ɑ̃], [ɨ̃], and [ə̃], respectively.

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain phar.
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tˁ t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s sˤ ʃ x ħ h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ ʕ
Rhotic tap/flap ɾ
trill r
Lateral central l
velarized ɫ
Approximant w j

/n/ becomes a velar [ŋ] when following a velar consonant.[71][72]

Alphabet

[edit]
Zaza text in Arabic letters, written in 1891 and printed in 1899.

Zaza texts written during the Ottoman era were written in Arabic letters. The works of this era had religious content. The first Zaza text, written by Sultan Efendi, in 1798, was written in Arabic letters in the Nesih font, which was also used in Ottoman Turkish.[73] Following this work, the first Zaza language Mawlid, written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi in 1891-1892, was also written in Arabic letters and published in 1899.[74][75] Another Mawlid in Zaza language, written by another Ottoman-Zaza cleric Osman Esad Efendi between 1903-1906, was also written in Arabic letters.[76] After the Republic, Zazaki works began to be written in Latin letters, abandoning the Arabic alphabet. However, today Zazaki does not have a common alphabet used by all Zazas. An alphabet called the Jacabson alphabet was developed with the contributions of the American linguist C. M Jacobson and is used by the Zaza Language Institute in Frankfurt, which works on the standardization of Zaza language.[77] Another alphabet used for the language is the Bedirxan alphabet. The Zaza alphabet, prepared by Zülfü Selcan and started to be used at Munzur University as of 2012, is another writing system developed for Zazaki, consisting of 32 letters, 8 of which are vowels and 24 of which are consonants.[78] The Zaza alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Zaza language, consisting of 32 letters, six of which (ç, ğ, î, û, ş, and ê) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.[79]

Zaza alphabet
Upper case A B C Ç D E Ê F G Ẍ/Ğ H I Î J K L M N O P Q R S Ş T U Û V W X Y Z
Lower case a b c ç d e ê f g ẍ/ğ h i î j k l m n o p q r s ş t u û v w x y z
IPA phonemes a b d͡ʒ t͡ʃ d ɛ e f g ɣ h ɪ i ʒ k l m n o p q r, ɾ s ʃ t ʊ u v w x j z


Vocabulary

[edit]
Pronoun Zaza Talysh[80] English
1SG ez əz/āz I
2SG tı tı you
3SG.M o/ey əv/ay he
3SG.F a/ay she
1PL ma ama we
2PL şıma şımə you
3PL ê, i, ina, ino əvon/ayēn they

Literature

[edit]

Zaza literature consists of oral and written texts produced in the Zaza language. Before it began to be written, it was passed on through oral literature types. In this respect, Zaza literature is very rich in terms of oral works. The language has many oral literary products such as deyr (folk song), kilam (song), dêse (hymn), şanıke (fable), hêkati (story), qesê werênan (proverbs and idioms). Written works began to appear during the Ottoman Empire, and the early works had a religious/doctrinal nature. After the Republic, long-term language and cultural bans caused the revival of Zaza literature, which developed in two centers, Turkey and Europe, mainly in Europe. After the loosened bans, Zaza literature developed in Turkey.[81]

Ottoman period

[edit]

The first known written works of Zaza literature were written during the Ottoman period. Written works in the Zaza language produced during the Ottoman period were written in Arabic letters and had a religious nature. The first written work in Zazaki during this period was written in the late 1700s. This first written text of the Zaza language was written by İsa Beg bin Ali, nicknamed Sultan Efendi, an Islamic history writer, in 1212 Hijri (1798). The work was written in Arabic letters and in the Naskh script, which is also used in Ottoman Turkish. The work consists of two parts III. It includes the Eastern Anatolia region during the reign of Selim III, the life of Ali (caliph), Alevi doctrine and history, the translation of some parts of Nahj al-balagha into Zaza language, apocalyptic subjects and poetic texts.[82] About a hundred years after this work, another work in the Zaza language, Mevlit (Mewlid-i Nebi), was written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi (1867-1951) in 1891-1892. The first Mevlit work in the Zaza language was written in Arabic letters and published in 1899.[83][84] The mawlid, written using the Arabic prosody (aruz), resembles the mawlid of Süleyman Çelebi and the introduction includes the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the details of Allah, tawhid, munacaat, ascension, birth, birth and creation, etc. It includes religious topics and consists of 14 chapters and 366 couplets.[83][84] Another written work written during this period is another Mevlit written by Siverek mufti Osman Esad Efendi (1852-1929). The work called Biyişa Pexemberi (Birth of the Prophet) consists of chapters on the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Islamic religion and was written in Zaza language in Arabic letters in 1901 (1903 according to some sources). The work was published in 1933, after the author's death.[85] Apart from Zaza writers, non-Zaza/Ottoman writers/researchers such as Peter Ivanovich Lerch (1827-1884),[86][87] Robert Gordon Latham (1812-1888) Dr. Humphry Sandwith (1822-1881),[88][89] Wilhelm Strecker (1830-1890), Otto Blau (1828-1879),[90] Friedrich Müller (1864) and Oskar Mann (1867-1917)[91] included Zaza content (story, fairy tales dictionary) in their works in the pre-Republican period.[84]

Post-Republic Zaza literature

[edit]

Post-Republican Zaza literature developed through two branches, Turkey-centered and Europe-centered. During this period, the development of Zaza literature stagnated in Turkey due to long-term language and cultural bans. Zaza migration to European countries in the 1980s and the relatively free environment enabled the revival of Zaza literature in Europe. One of the works in the Zaza language written in post-Republican Turkey are two verse works written in the field of belief and fiqh in the 1940s. Following this work, another Mevlit containing religious subjects and stories was written by Mehamed Eli Hun in 1971. Zaza Divan, a 300-page manuscript consisting of Zazaki poems and odes, started to be written by Mehmet Demirbaş in 1975 and completed in 2005, is another literary work in the divan genre written in this period.[92] Mevlids and sirahs of Abdulkadir Arslan (1992-1995),[93] Kamil Pueği (1999), Muhammed Muradan (1999-2000) and Cuma Özusan (2009) are other literary works with religious content.[83] Written Zaza literature is rich in mawlid and religious works, and the first written works of the language are given in these genres.[83] The development of Zaza literature through magazine publishing took place through magazines published by Zazas who immigrated to Europe after 1980 and published exclusively in the Zaza language, magazines that were predominantly in the Zaza language but published multilingually, and magazines that were not in the Zaza language but included works in the Zaza language. Kormışkan, Tija Sodıri, Vate are magazines published entirely in Zaza language. Apart from these, Ayre (1985-1987), Piya (1988-1992) and Raa Zazaistani (1991), which were published as language, culture, literature and history magazines by Ebubekir Pamukçu, the leading name of Zaza nationalism, are important magazines in this period that were predominantly Zaza and published multilingually. Ware, ZazaPress, Pir, Raştiye, Vengê Zazaistani, Zazaki, Zerq, Desmala Sure, Waxt, Çıme are other magazines that are Zazaki-based and multilingual. In addition to these magazines published in European countries, Vatı (1997-1998), which is the first magazine published entirely in Zaza language and published in Turkey, and Miraz (2006) and Veng u Vaj (2008) are other important magazines published in Zaza language in Turkey. Magazines that are mainly published in other languages but also include works in Zaza language are magazines published in Kurdish and Turkish languages. Roja Newé (1963), Riya Azadi (1976), Tirêj (1979) and War (1997) are in the Kurdish language; Ermin (1991), Ateş Hırsızı (1992), Ütopya, Işkın, Munzur (2000), Bezuvar (2009) are magazines in Turkish language that include texts in Zaza language.[94] Today, works in different literary genres such as poetry, stories and novels in Zaza language are published by different publishing houses in Turkey and European countries.[citation needed]

[edit]
  • Partial tree of Indo-European languages.[95]
    Partial tree of Indo-European languages.[95]
  • Gippert, Jost (1999), Iranische Sprachen / Iranian Languages[96]
    Gippert, Jost (1999), Iranische Sprachen / Iranian Languages[96]
  • Position of Zaza language in Iranian Languages
    Position of Zaza language in Iranian Languages

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Zaza at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Kirmanjki (Northern Zaza) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Dimli (Southern Zaza) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
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Works cited

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See also

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Further reading

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  • Werner, Eberhard (2020). "Orality and Folklore: Reflections on the Folktale Tradition of the Zaza People". In Alireza Korangy (ed.). Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 169–190. doi:10.1515/9783110599626-008.
Folktale collections
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Dimli edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zaza language test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
Kirmanjki test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zazaki language.
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