Setoka

Setoka; Julat zaman: Kapur Awal hingga kini PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Setoka selatan (Hypanus americanus)
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Chondrichthyes
Order:	Myliobatiformes
Suborder:	Myliobatoidei; Compagno, 1973
Keluarga
	Hexatrygonoidea Hexatrygonidae; ; Urolophoidea Plesiobatidae; Urolophidae; ; Dasyatoidea Urotrygonidae; Dasyatidae; Potamotrygonidae; Gymnuridae; †Dasyomyliobatidae; Myliobatidae; †Rhombodontidae; ;

Setoka atau pari sengat, ialah sekumpulan pari laut yang merupakan ikan berawan. Ia dikelaskan dalam suborder Myliobatoidei daripada order Myliobatiformes dan terdiri daripada lapan keluarga: Hexatrygonidae (pari enam insang), Plesiobatidae (pari lembik merah), Urolophidae (tetoka), Urotrygonidae (pari bulat), Dasyatidae (ketuka), Potamotrygonidae (setoka sungai), Gymnuridae (pari kelawar) dan Myliobatidae (pari lang).^[2]^[3] Terdapat sekitar 220 spesies setoka yang diketahui dalam 29 genus.

Rujukan

^ Marmi, Josep; Vila #, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel; Cappetta, Henri (18 May 2010). "Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 970–974. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..970M. doi:10.1080/02724631003758011.
^ Nelson JS (2006). Fishes of the World (ed. fourth). John Wiley. m/s. 76–82. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
^ Helfman GS, Collette BB, Facey DE (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science. m/s. 180. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8.

Almagro, Álvaro; Barría, Claudio (November 2024). "The end of silent predators: First cases of active sound production in batoids from the Mediterranean Sea and its potential implications". Marine Biology. 171 (11): 208. Bibcode:2024MarBi.171..208A. doi:10.1007/s00227-024-04536-w.
Barroil, Adèle; Deter, Julie; Holon, Florian; Bertucci, Frédéric (7 October 2024). "Sound production in wild Mediterranean blonde ray Raja brachyura". Ecology. 105 (11): e4440. Bibcode:2024Ecol..105E4440B. doi:10.1002/ecy.4440. PMID 39370952 Check |pmid= value (bantuan).
Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Delgado Esteban, J. Javier; Pini-Fitzsimmons, Joni; Gaskell, John; Wueringer, Barbara E. (November 2022). "Evidence of sound production in wild stingrays". Ecology. 103 (11): e3812. Bibcode:2022Ecol..103E3812F. doi:10.1002/ecy.3812. PMC 9786621 Check |pmc= value (bantuan). PMID 35808819 Check |pmid= value (bantuan).
"Beware the Ugly Sting Ray." Popular Science, July 1954, pp. 117–118/pp. 224–228.