Voiced alveolar approximant
(Redirected from Postalveolar approximant)
| Voiced alveolar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɹ | |||
| IPA number | 151 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɹ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0279 | ||
| X-SAMPA | r\ | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
A voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents it is ⟨ɹ⟩, the lowercase Latin letter r rotated 180 degrees.
Features
[edit]
Features of a voiced alveolar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Alveolar
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | unknown | gjelbër | [ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ] | 'green' | |
| Armenian | Classical | սուրճ | [suɹtʃ] | 'coffee' | |
| Assamese | ৰঙা (rônga) | [ɹɔŋa] | 'red' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | Alqosh dialect | ܪܒ | [ɹɑbɑ] | 'many' | Corresponds to /ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects. |
| Tyari dialect | |||||
| Bengali[1] | আবার | [abaɹ] | 'again' | Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [r ~ ɾ] in others. See Bengali phonology | |
| Burmese[2][3] | ပရိဘောဂ | [pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰] | 'furniture' | Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English. | |
| Chukchi[citation needed] | ңирэк | [ŋiɹek] | 'two' | ||
| Dutch | Central Netherlandic | door | [doːɹ] | 'through' | Allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology. |
| Western Netherlandic | |||||
| Leiden | rat | [ɹat] | 'rat' | Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects. | |
| German | Moselle Franconian (Siegerland[4] and Westerwald[5] dialects) | Rebe | [ˈɹeːbə] | 'vine' | Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], a uvular trill [ʀ] or an alveolar trill [r]. See Standard German phonology. |
| Silesian | |||||
| Upper Lusatian | |||||
| Greek[6] | μέρα/méra | [ˈmɛɹɐ] | 'day' | Allophone of /ɾ/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology. | |
| Persian | فارسی | [fɒːɹˈsiː] | 'Persian' | Allophone of /ɾ/ before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. See Persian phonology. | |
| Portuguese | Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul[7] | amor | [aˈmoɹˠ] | 'love' | Allophone of /ɾ ~ ʁ/ in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology. |
| Spanish | Andalusian[8] | doscientos | [do̞(ɹ)ˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s] | 'two hundred' | Allophone of /s/ before [θ]. See Spanish phonology. |
| Belizean | invierno | [imˈbjeɹno] | 'winter' | Possible realization of /r/ in the syllable coda due to English influence. | |
| Caribbean Colombian | |||||
| Puerto Rican | |||||
| Costa Rican[9] | carro | [ˈkaɹo] | 'car' | Allophone of /r/, and of /ɾ/ before /l/. See Costa Rican Spanish. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[10] | område | ⓘ | 'domain' | Allophone of /r/, especially word-finally[11] and post-vocalically.[citation needed] See Swedish phonology. |
| Tagalog | parang | [paɹaŋ] | 'like-' | Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill [ɾ ~ r] and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English. | |
| Turkish | Marmara Region | artık | [aɹtɯk] | 'excess, surplus' | Occurs as an allophone of [ɾ] in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar [ɹ̠]. See Turkish phonology. |
| Vietnamese | Saigon[12] | ra | [ɹa] | 'go out' | In free variation with [ɾ], [r] and [ʐ]. See Vietnamese phonology. |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[13] | rdɨ | [ɹd̪ɨ] | 'pass' | Allophone of /ɾ/ before consonants. |
Laminal alveolar
[edit]| Voiced laminal alveolar approximant | |
|---|---|
| z̞ | |
| ð̠˕ |
Some languages have a voiced (post)alveolar approximant that is acoustically distinct from a typical [ɹ], which has variously been described as being '[z]-like'[14] or 'non-rhotic'.[15] Some authors have reported the distinction as one of articulation, with the formerly mentioned sound being classified as laminal, while a typical [ɹ] is distinguished as apical.[16] The distinction may also be made as a phonological classing, between a 'rhotic approximant' and a 'frictionless continuant approximant'.[17] The International Phonetic Alphabet has no symbol to represent this sound, but possible transcriptions with diacritics include ⟨z̞⟩ (a lowered [z]) and ⟨ð̠˕⟩ (a lowered and retracted [ð]), both of which have been used in literature, as well as ⟨ɹ̻⟩ (a laminal [ɹ]). Several symbols have been proposed to represent this sound, but none have become widely accepted.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danish | Standard[18][19][20] | ved | [ve̝ð̠˕ˠ] | 'at' | Velarized; allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda.[18][19][20] For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.[20] See Danish phonology. |
| Icelandic | veggfóður | ⓘ | 'a wallpaper' | Usually apical.[21] In free variation with a weak fricative [ð̠];[22] variably removed from the front teeth, up to (nearly) spot on [ð̞].[23] See Icelandic phonology. | |
| Miyakoan | Irabu[14] | [z̞zä] | 'father' | Realized as [z̞z] when word initial, geminate [z̞ː] when presyllabic, variable when medial, and plain [z̞] when word final. Phonemically transcribed as /ž/ or /žž/. | |
Postalveolar
[edit]| Voiced postalveolar approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɹ̠ | |
| Audio sample | |
The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced further back than a typical [ɹ] and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ⟨ɹ̠⟩, but ⟨ɹ⟩ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol ⟨r⟩ even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.
The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian | red | [ɹ̠ʷed] | 'red' | Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed ⟨r⟩. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/. |
| Most American dialects[24] | ⓘ | ||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| Faroese[25] | rørar | [ˈɹ̠øːɹ̠ɐɹ̠] | 'a groin' | Ranges from post-alveolar to retroflex.[26] More often realised as a fricative.[27] See Faroese phonology. | |
| Igbo[28] | rí | [ɹ̠í] | 'eat' | ||
| Malay | راتوس / ratus | [ɹ̠ä.tos] | 'hundred' | More commonly trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. See Malay phonology | |
| Maltese | Some dialects[29] | malajr | [mɐˈlɐjɹ̠] | 'quickly' | Corresponds to [ɾ ~ r] in other dialects.[29] |
| Shipibo[30] | roro | [ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽] | 'to break into pieces' | Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of /r/.[30] | |
As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [ɹ] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.[31]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Khan (2010:223–224)
- ^ Cornyn (1944:7)
- ^ Watkins (2001)
- ^ Kohler (1995:165f), cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
- ^ Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
- ^ Irineu da Silva (2005:19–21)
- ^ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
- ^ Lipski (1994:222)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:141)
- ^ Andersson (2002:273)
- ^ Thompson (1959:459)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ a b Shimoji (2008:30, 38, 63, 76–77)
- ^ Ball et al. (2020)
- ^ Ball & Rahilly (2011)
- ^ Recasens (2011) and Ball (2025)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:59, 63)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2003:121)
- ^ a b c Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
- ^ Pétursson (1971:213)
- ^ Árnason (2011:106, 108): "[It is] doubtful whether the voiced fricatives are to be classified as such, rather than as approximants." "The weakness of the articulation of the voiced sounds makes them at times more like approximants, and they are very easily deleted intervocalically in natural speech[.]"
- ^ Rögnvaldsson (2017:36)
- ^ Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
- ^ Árnason (2011:114)
- ^ Árnason (2011:115)
- ^ Barnes & Weyhe (1994:194)
- ^ Ikekeonwu (1999:108)
- ^ a b Puech (2013:74)
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:240–241)
References
[edit]- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Bakkes, Pierre (2007), Mofers Waordebook (in Dutch), Stichting Mofers Waordebook, ISBN 978-90-9022294-3
- Ball, Martin J.; Rahilly, Joan (2011), "The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA", JIPA, 41 (2): 231–237, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000107, JSTOR 44527032
- ——; Rahilly, Joan; Lowry, Orla; Bessell, Nicola; Lee, Alice (2020), Phonetics for Speech Pathology, Communication Disorders and Clinical Linguistics (3rd ed.), UTP, ISBN 978-1781791790
- —— (2025), "Additional Phonetic Symbols for the Transcription of Typical and Atypical Speech", Journal of Connected Speech, 1 (1): 106–119, doi:10.3138/jcspeech.29303
- Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/", JASA, 101 (6): 3741–3753, Bibcode:1997ASAJ..101.3741B, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.16.4174, doi:10.1121/1.418333, PMID 9193061
- Browman, C.P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues: for Katherine Safford Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9–33
- Cornyn, William (1944), Outline of Burmese Grammar, Supplement to Language, vol. 20 no. 4, Baltimore: LSA
- Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968), "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture", Linguistics, 44: 29–68
- Durand, Jacques (ed.), The Phonology of the World's Languages, OUP
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199229314.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Fougeron, C. (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.), Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
- Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants", Journal of Phonetics, 27 (3): 281–306, doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
- Irineu da Silva, Ferraz (2005), Características fonético-acústicas do /r/ retroflexo do portugues brasileiro : dados de informantes de Pato Branco [Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná] (PDF) (Master degree) (in Portuguese), UFPR, hdl:1884/3955, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), JIPA, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
- Kohler, Klaus (1995), Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag
- König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (2002) [1994], The Germanic Languages, Routledge language family descriptions (1st ed.), London, doi:10.4324/9781315812786
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)- Thráinsson, Höskuldur (1994), Icelandic, pp. 142–189, ISBN 978-0-415-05768-4
- Barnes, Michael P.; Weyhe, Eivind (1994), Faroese, pp. 190–218
- Andersson, Erik (2002), Swedish, pp. 271–312, ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2
- Lipski, John M. (1994), Latin American Spanish, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-08761-3
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- Maddieson, Ian; Barry, Martin, eds. (1999), "Part 2: Illustration of the IPA", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, CUP, pp. 39–156, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), Igbo, pp. 108–110
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), Swedish, pp. 140–142
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", JIPA, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", JIPA, 45 (3): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
- Pétursson, Magnus (1971). "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie" [Study on the realisation of Icelandic consonnants þ, ð, s, in the pronunciation of an Icelander subject through radiocinematography]. Phonetica (in French). 33 (4): 203–216. doi:10.1159/000259344. S2CID 145316121.
- Puech, Gilbert (2013), "Prime constituents of Maltese sounds", in Borg, Albert; Caruana, Sandro; Vella, Alexandra (eds.), Perspectives on Maltese Linguistics, Berlin: AV, pp. 61–88, ISBN 978-3-05-006275-4
- Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The effect of syllable position on consonant reduction (evidence from Catalan consonant clusters)", Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001
- —— (2011), "Response to Martin Ball & Joan Rahilly, 'The Symbolization of Central Approximants in the IPA', JIPA 41 (2011), 231-237", JIPA, 41 (2): 239–42, JSTOR 44527033
- Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (2017) [2013]. "Hljóðkerfi og orðhlutakerfi Íslensku" [Phonology and phonotactics of Icelandic] (PDF) (in Icelandic). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 Sep 2024.
- Shimoji, Michinori (2008), A Grammar of Irabu, a Southern Ryukyuan Language (Ph. D. Thesis), ANU, doi:10.25911/5d5fc82596df5, hdl:1885/150638
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", JIPA, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon Phonemics", Language, 35 (3), LSA: 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watkins, Justin (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), JIPA, 31 (2): 291–95, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700
- Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980), "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/", Phonetica, 37 (4): 253–266, doi:10.1159/000259995, PMID 7443796, S2CID 46760239
