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NEAR (blockchain platform)

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NEAR
Denominations
CodeNEAR
Development
Original author(s)Illia Polosukhin, Alexander Skidanov
White paper[1]
Initial release2020
Code repositorygithub.com/near
Development statusActive
Written inJava, Rust
LicenseApache 2.0[1]
Ledger
Block explorerexplorer.near.org
Website
Websitewww.near.org

NEAR is a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism and provides smart-contract functionality. Its native cryptocurrency is NEAR. It was founded in 2018 by Illia Polosukhin and Alexander Skidanov, with mainnet launching in 2020.[2]

Designed to maintain decentralized applications and high-throughput transactions through a sharded architecture, NEAR gained traction as an alternative to Ethereum and other layer-one blockchain networks.[2][3][4][5][6]

History

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In 2020, NEAR closed a $21.6 million funding round led by Andreessen Horowitz. Around the same period, the project launched its mainnet, introducing a proof-of-stake architecture based on the “Nightshade”[7] design and network sharding intended to improve throughput and costs for decentralized applications.[8]

In 2022, a $350 million funding round led by Tiger Global was completed for the NEAR.[9]

In January 2024 a critical peer-to-peer networking flaw that security firm Zellic dubbed a “Web3 Ping of Death”,[10] which could have allowed a malicious peer to crash nodes and potentially halt the network. The issue stemmed from how nodes handled SECP256K1 signatures during the handshake process; Zellic privately disclosed the bug in December 2023 via the HackenProof platform, after which NEAR issued a fix and awarded a $150,000 bounty.[11][12]

Criticism and controversies

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In November 2022, Skyward Finance, an IDO/launchpad built on NEAR blockchain, was exploited for roughly $3 million after an attacker abused a flaw in the project’s treasury redemption contract. The bug, identified by security firm BlockSec, failed to check for duplicate token account IDs, enabling the attacker to redeem wrapped NEAR in a loop within a single transaction. Skyward acknowledged that its treasury had been drained and advised users to cease interacting with the contracts, noting that the incident rendered the SKYWARD token effectively worthless.[13][14]

In June 2023, Messari's analysts have questioned validator decentralization on Avalanche, Solana, NEAR, and others blockchain platforms. Messari study found that roughly 35% of NEAR’s staked tokens were hosted on Amazon Web Services, yielding a hosting “operational Nakamoto coefficient” of 1 (i.e., more than one-third of stake concentrated on a single provider). The report also observed geographic concentration of validators and stake in the United States and Germany, limited presence in underrepresented regions, and reliance on a single validator client at the time; taken together, NEAR’s aggregated operational Nakamoto coefficient was estimated at ~1.3, indicating elevated susceptibility to correlated infrastructure or jurisdictional failures relative to a more distributed network.[15]

In September 2024, NEAR blockchain drew criticism after its official X (formerly Twitter) account abruptly changed its display name to “it’s all a lie” and posted anti-crypto messages that prompted widespread speculation the account had been hacked. NEAR later indicated the episode was a marketing tactic tied to an upcoming event, which industry commentators and developers criticized as tone-deaf given the prevalence of genuine security breaches in the sector; some argued the stunt risked harming the project’s credibility. During the period of the campaign, Bloomberg reported that NEAR’s token declined by roughly 15% over the preceding week. According to the Bloomberg, also noted that the controversy followed a real security incident in May 2023, when a compromised moderator account on NEAR’s Discord was used to promote a fraudulent airdrop.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "solana/LICENSE". Solana Labs. 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b "A Deep Dive Into NEAR | CoinMarketCap". CoinMarketCap Academy. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  3. ^ Yaffe-Bellany, David (7 February 2022). "They Made Millions: Crypto's Boom Beyond Bitcoin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Ethereum competitor Near Protocol (NEAR) gains 106% as DeFi heats up". Cointelegraph. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  5. ^ "NEAR Protocol: Self-Sovereignty in the Age of AI - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School". www.hbs.edu. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  6. ^ "Solana, BNB, and the Blockchain Landscape: Ethereum vs. Competitors". www.hord.fi. Retrieved 8 October 2025.
  7. ^ Jabalera, Joel (5 February 2022). "Near Protocol, la blockchain de última generación más accesible hasta la fecha". Forbes España (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  8. ^ Butcher, Mike (4 May 2020). "NEAR Protocol raises $21.6M from A16Z and launches its MainNet, beating Ethereum 2.0". TechCrunch. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  9. ^ Wagner, Casey (6 April 2022). "NEAR Raises $350M To Bring Market Cap Over $10B". Blockworks. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  10. ^ "What Is a Ping of Death and Ping of Death Attack?". Fortinet. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  11. ^ "Web3 Ping of Death: Finding and Fixing a Chain-Halting Vulnerability in NEAR | Zellic — Research". www.zellic.io. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  12. ^ "Near patches critical bug that could crash every node on the network". Cointelegraph. 8 October 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  13. ^ "Skyward Finance suffers $3 million exploit on Near Protocol". The Block. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  14. ^ Makarov, Andrew (3 November 2022). "Skyward Finance была взломана на $3 млн. Курс нативного токена платформы упал на 94%". INCRYPTED (in Russian). Retrieved 13 October 2025.
  15. ^ Dunbar, Stephanie (1 June 2023). "Evaluating Validator Decentralization: Geographic and Infrastructure Distribution in Proof-of-Stake Networks". Messari.
  16. ^ Nicolle, Emily (5 September 2024). "NEAR Blockchain's Fake-Hack Marketing Ploy Hits a Sour Note". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 13 October 2025.
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