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Fur Formation

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Fur Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian
~55.8–53.5 Ma
↓
Coastal cliff on the Danish island Fur - Mo-clay and ash layers
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsSee: Members
UnderliesRøsnes Ler
OverliesHolmehus Formation
Thickness60 metres (200 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryDiatomite
Location
Coordinates56°50′16″N 8°57′43″E / 56.83778°N 8.96194°E / 56.83778; 8.96194
CountryDenmark
Type section
Named forFur

The Fur Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (Lower Eocene Epoch, c. 56.0-54.5 Ma) age which crops out in the Limfjord region of northern Denmark from Silstrup via Mors and Fur to Ertebølle, and can be seen in many cliffs and quarries in the area. The Diatomite Cliffs (moler in Danish) is on the Danish list of tentative candidates for World Heritage and may become a World Heritage site.[1] Fossils found in the Fur Formation are primarily housed at the Fossil and Mo-clay Museum on Mors Island, the Fur Museum on Fur Island, and the Natural History Museum of Denmark (formerly named Geological Museum) in Copenhagen.

Geology

[edit]

The Fur Formation is a unit of diatomitic sediment approximately 60 meters thick consisting of diatoms and clay minerals with up to 180 layers of volcanic ash.[2] In Danish literature the formation has informally been referred to as the moler (Ler means clay). The diatomite comprises 2/3 opal tests of diatoms and 1/3 clay, interbedded with layers of volcanic ash and a few limestone horizons ('cementstones'), and has exceptionally complete fossil preservation.

It is known for its abundant fossil fish, insects, reptiles, birds and plants. The Fur Formation was deposited just above the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary, about 55 million years ago, and its tropical or sub-tropical flora indicate that the climate after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was moderately warm (approximately 4-8 degrees warmer than today).

Glacial activity has moved and folded all exposed moler in a complicated pattern which permits very precise mapping of glacial movement at the end of the last ice age, and has, due to the ash layers, created an extraordinary pedagogical case for studying tectonics.

Members

[edit]

The Fur Formation is divided into two members: The lower Knudeklint Member was named for a location on the island of Fur. The upper Silstrup Member was named for a location in Thy. The stratigraphy exposed at Knudeklint constitutes the unit that containing the Paleocene/Eocene boundary informally named Stolleklint Clay, which grades up into the Fur Formation.

Paleontological significance

[edit]

Fossils of great diversity and unique preservation (only 10 my. after the 'great extinction' of dinosaurs, ammonites etc.) Most unusual, if not unique, diversity of life from both ocean and land with extremely good preservation of details rarely seen, therefore very reliable reconstruction of palaeobiology. By far most of the "Danekræ" fossils (fossils that are considered of national importance and covered by a special law) since 1990 have been found in the Mo-clay area.[3]

Birds

[edit]

The Fur Formation preserves the earliest diverse Paleogene bird fauna known, with over 30 species, including some near complete, some preserved in 3-D, and some excellent bird-fossils (even with feathers and chromatine). Most are the earliest known representatives of their orders (e.g. Trogons, Swifts, Ibises) and all are terrestrial birds.[4][5][6]

Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Chascacocolius C. oscitans? Sandcoleidae Only known from one wing[6]
Eocypselus E. vincenti Apodiformes Mainly known from the London Clay[6]
Galliformes indet. Unapplicable Galloanserae Known from foot imprints distinct from all other Eocene galliforms[7]
Lithornis L. vulturinus Lithornithidae First complete lithornithid specimen known[8]
Life restoration of Lithornis
Mopsitta M. tanta Psittaciformes incertae sedis? Formerly the largest fossil parrot known[9], however it may actually be synonymous with the ibis Rhynchaeites[10]
Morsoravis M. sedilis Morsoravidae Formerly classed as a charadriiform[11] before being reclassified as a basal member of Psittacopasseres[12]
Halcyornithidae indet. Unapplicable Eufalconimorphae Only known from one humerus[9]
Pellornis P. mikkelseni Messelornithidae Limb specialisation indicates it was likely cursorial[13], redescribed from several complete skeletons which support it being a crown-gruiform[14]
Scandiavis S. mikkelseni Charadriiformes? Likely a basal member due to features of the postcrania[15]
Septencoracias S. morsensis Coraciiformes One of the earliest rollers, preserved with fish in its stomach[16]
Restoration
Septentrogon S. madseni Trogonidae Earliest trogon known[5]

Reptiles

[edit]

Several fossil sea turtles are known from the Fur Formation.[4] In one of them, a large leatherback turtle (Eosphargis breineri)[17] remains of soft tissue and skin pigmentation have been recovered[18] A number of well-preserved turtle specimens have been recovered from the formation, two of which have been recognized to be a completely new species of the genus Tasbacka.[19] Sea snakes are also known from the formation.[20][21]

Fish

[edit]

Large teleostean fauna, oceanic, possibly including earliest truly deepwater fish, a 'whale-fish'; earliest members of many living families and Tertiary diversity preserved as complete skeletons; some rare and sensational large and complete specimens (two 'bonytongues', one tarpon).[4][25]

The following taxa are known:[4][25]

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
?Analectis ?A. sp. Fur A turkmenid lampriform.
?Antigonia ?A. sp. Fur A boarfish.
Archaeozeus A. skamolensis Fur An archaeozeid zeiform.
?Arius ?A. sp. Fur A sea catfish.
Atheriniformes indet. Fur An atheriniform.
Aulostomoidea indet. Fur An aulostomoid.
Brychaetoides B. greenwoodi Fur A bonytongue.[26]
cf. Brychaetus B. sp. Stolle Klint A bonytongue.[26]
Butyrumichthys B. henricii Fur A medusafish.[27]
Euzaphlegidae indet. Fur A euzaphlegid.
Exellia E. sp. Fur An exelliid percomorph.[28]
Furichthys F. fieldsoei Fur A bonytongue.[26]
Heterosteoglossum H. foreyi Fur, Stolle Klint A bonytongue.[26]
Holosteus H. sp. Fur A barracudina.
Megalopidae indet. Fur A tarpon.
Mene M. sp. Fur A moonfish.
Moclaybalistes M. danekrus Fur A moclaybalistid tetraodontiform.
Muraenidae indet. Fur A moray eel.
Osteoglossiformes indet. Fur A small-sized osteoglossiform.[26]
Palaeocentrotus P. boeggildi Fur A palaeocentrotid lampriform.
Palaeorhynchidae indet. Fur A billfish.
?Percopsiformes indet. Fur A potential percopsiform.
Polyspinatus P. fluere Fur A beardfish.
Protozeus P. kuehnei Fur A protozeid zeiform.
Rhamphosus R. sp. Fur A syngnathiform.
Rhinocephalus R. sp. Fur A hake.
?Rondeletia ?R. sp. Fur A whalefish, possibly a redmouth whalefish.
?Salmonidae indet. Fur A potential salmonid.
?Sardinella ?S. sp. Fur A clupeid.
?Scorpaeniformes indet. Fur A potential scorpaeniform.
Surlykus S. longigracilis Fur An argentiniform, the most common fish in the Mo-Clay.[29]
?Vomeropsis ?V. sp. Fur A carangid.
Xosteoglossid X. rebeccae Stolle Klint A bonytongue.[26]

Insects

[edit]

Huge fauna from land, over 200 species, many are oldest of their families; many with colour spots and eye lenses, some extraordinary preservation with stridulation (sound) apparatus in grasshoppers, and apparently migratory moth mass mortality.[4][30][31][32]

Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Apachyus A. madseni Apachyidae First fossil apachyid[33]
The extant A. peterseni
Cephalallus C. vitalii Spondylidinae First longhorn beetle from the formation[34]
Cryptocheilus C. leleji Pepsini Earliest pompillid wasp known[35]
The extant C. infumatus
Danoberotha D. verkleijorum Berothidae First berothid from the formation[36]
Danochrysa D. madseni Chrysopidae[37]
Danomantispa D. frandseni Mantispidae Intermediate between Drepanicinae and Mantispinae[38]
Eodysagrion E. mikkelseni Dysagrionidae (Odonata) Member of its own subfamily, Eodysagrioninae[39]
Eosassula E. szwedoi Nogodinidae One of the few nogodinid fossils[40]
Furagrion F. jutlandicus Zygoptera Bears all wing venation characters of cephalozygopterans, but has a head similar to zygopterans[41]
Furochrysa F. alisae Chrysopidae Distinguished by a long crossvein[37]
Mesypochrysa M. nielseni Chrysopidae Latest record of the Mesozoic genus Mesypochrysa[42]
Pachycondyla P. rebekkae Ponerinae One of the earliest fossil ants in an extant genus at the time of description[43]
A worker of the extant P. harpax
Palaeopsychops P. quadratus Polystoechotidae Bears stripes along its crossveins[44]
Holotype of P. timmi from the Klondike Mountain Formation
Parabaissaeshna P. ejerslevense Aeshnidae Resembles the Mesozoic Baissaeshna[45]
Pseudotettigonia P. amoena Tettigoniidae Preserves a complete stridulatory organ, with the structure of the organ suggesting that it was able to hear low ultrasound[46]
Primorilestes P. madseni Dysagrionidae (Odonata)[39]
Protheristria P. roldae Mantispidae In the same subfamily as the other mantisfly known from the formation, but otherwise unrelated[47]
Rhantus R. villumi Dytiscidae Oldest species in the genus[48]
The extant Rhantus elisabethae
Stephenbrooksia S. multifurcata Chrysopidae Bears unusual hind wing venation[37]
Stolleagrion S. foghnielseni Cephalozygoptera (Odonata)[49] First odonate known from the early Ypresian[50]
Triachrysa T. rusti Chrysopidae Has three series of crossveins in its wings, alongside several unrelated genera[51]

Crustacea

[edit]

Extraordinary cirripeds (barnacles), and the only fossil shrimps from Denmark.[52]

Molluscs

[edit]

Land plants

[edit]

Some members of the 'Arcto-Tertiary flora'; some with cuticle preservation and some flowers preserved. Large silicified trunks (up to 9 m) of redwood, and some very soft wood preserved. Some trunks with mussels and barnacles attached. Many seeds and fruits.[4][53]

  • Unidentified leaf
    Unidentified leaf
  • Unidentified leaf
    Unidentified leaf
  • Jenkinsella sp. seeds
    Jenkinsella sp. seeds
  • unidentified flower.
    unidentified flower.

Diatoms

[edit]

Great diversity of unicellular, marine algae with siliceous (opal) tests, 130 species.[54]

Ash layers

[edit]

More than 200 layers of volcanic ash of predominantly basaltic composition have been found within the Mo-clay of the Fur Formation. 179 of the most prominent ash layers have been numbered. Comparison with volcanic ash layers in oil wells in the North Sea indicates that the Mo-clay is coeval with the Sele Formation and Balder Formation in the North Sea.[55] The ash layers have also been found at other sites in Denmark, England, Austria and the Bay of Biscay.

The total eruption volume of this series have been calculated as 21,000 km3, which occurred in 600,000 years. The most powerful single eruption of this series took place 54.0 million years ago (Ma) and ejected ca. 1,200 km3 of ash material, which makes it one of the largest basaltic pyroclastic eruptions in geological history. [56]

  • Image showing the distinct geological layers.
    Image showing the distinct geological layers.
  • An inland location.
    An inland location.
  • These cliffs of Fur have been a rich source of fossils.
    These cliffs of Fur have been a rich source of fossils.
  • Mo-clay with layers of volcanic ash
    Mo-clay with layers of volcanic ash

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Heritage Agency of Denmark". Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  2. ^ Pedersen, G.K. & Surlyk, F. 1983: The Fur Formation, a late Paleocene ash-bearing diatomite from northern Denmark. Bulletin Geological Society of Denmark, 32, 43-65.
  3. ^ Bonde, N., Andersen, S., Hals, N., and Jakobsen, S.T. (2008). Danekræ - Danmarks bedste fossiler. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 224 pp.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1]
  5. ^ a b Kristoffersen, Anette V. (19 September 2002). "An early Paleogene trogon (Aves: Trogoniformes) from the Fur Formation, Denmark". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 661–666. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)022[0661:AEPTAT]2.0.CO;2.
  6. ^ a b c Dyke, Gareth J.; Waterhous, David M.; Kristoffersen, Anette V. (22 October 2004). "Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 51: 77–85. Bibcode:2004BuGSD..51...77D. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2004-51-06.
  7. ^ Lindow, Bent E. K.; Dyke, Gareth J. (12 March 2007). "A small galliform bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation, north-western Denmark". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 55: 59–63. Bibcode:2007BuGSD..55...59L. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2007-55-04.
  8. ^ Leonard, Leona; Dyke, Gareth J.; Van Tuinen, Marcel (2005). "A New Specimen of the Fossil Palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark". American Museum Novitates (3491): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)491[0001:ANSOTF]2.0.CO;2.
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