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Merlucciidae

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Merlucciidae
Temporal range: Middle Eocene–present
Silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Gadiformes
Suborder: Merluccioidei
Family: Merlucciidae
T. N. Gill, 1884
Genera

The Merlucciidae, commonly called merluccid hakes /mərˈluːtʃɪd/,[1][2][3] are a family of cod-like fish, containing two genera.[4] They are the only member of the suborder Merlucciodei.[5] They are native to cold water in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and typically are found at depths greater than 50 m (160 ft) in subtropical, temperate, sub-Arctic or sub-Antarctic regions.

These predatory fish are up to 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) in length, though most only reach about half that length, inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope, where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes. Several species are important commercial fish, for example the North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) that is fished off western North America.

This family contained many more genera in the past.[6] However, Steindachneria, Lyconus and Macruronus have been found to represent their own distinct clades more closely related to the rattails, and are thus now placed in their own families within the Macrouroidei. This leaves Merluccius and Lyconodes as the only remaining members of the Merlucciidae and Merluccioidei.[4][7][8]

Fossil merlucciid remains are known from the mid-late Eocene of Sverdlovsk, Russia, suggesting that they inhabited the former Turgai Strait.[9] The fossil gadiform †Rhinocephalus Casier, 1966 from the Early Eocene of England has sometimes been considered an early merlucciid, but is currently thought to belong to an uncertain family.[10] Alleged merluciid fossils from the middle Eocene-aged La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctica are now thought to belong to small individuals of the early notothenioid †Mesetaichthys.[11][12]

References

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  1. ^ Richards, William J. (August 8, 2005). Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Two Volume Set. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203500217 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Arancibia, Hugo (September 28, 2015). Hakes: Biology and Exploitation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118568415 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Lloris, Domingo (2005). Hakes of the world (family Merlucciidae) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104984-X.
  4. ^ a b Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Merlucciidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  5. ^ Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  6. ^ Hiromitsu Endo (2002). "Phylogeny of the Order Gadiformes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University. 49 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  7. ^ Roa-Varón, Adela; Ortí, Guillermo (2009-09-01). "Phylogenetic relationships among families of Gadiformes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (3): 688–704. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.020. ISSN 1055-7903.
  8. ^ Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  9. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Smirnov, Pavel V.; Trubin, Yaroslav S.; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019). "First report of Eocene gadiform fishes from the Trans-Urals (Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions, Russia)". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (5): 1001–1009. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.15. ISSN 0022-3360.
  10. ^ Schwarzhans, Werner; Beckett, Hermione T.; Schein, Jason D.; Friedman, Matt (2018). "Computed tomography scanning as a tool for linking the skeletal and otolith-based fossil records of teleost fishes". Palaeontology. 61 (4): 511–541. doi:10.1111/pala.12349. hdl:2027.42/144669. ISSN 1475-4983.
  11. ^ Claeson, Kerin M.; Eastman, Joseph T.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (2012). "Definitive specimens of Merlucciidae (Gadiformes) from the Eocene James Ross Basin of Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctic Peninsula". Antarctic Science. 24 (5): 467–472. doi:10.1017/S0954102012000247. ISSN 1365-2079.
  12. ^ Bieńkowska-Wasiluk, Małgorzata; Bonde, Niels; Møller, Peter Rask; Gaździcki, Andrzej (2013-06-24). "Eocene relatives of cod icefishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) from Seymour Island, Antarctica". Geological Quarterly. 57 (4): 567–doi: 10.7306/gq.1112. doi:10.7306/gq.1112. ISSN 1641-7291.
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