Halabja
Halabja
ھەڵەبجە (Kurdish) Helebce | |
|---|---|
City | |
 Halabja city | |
  Halabja Halabja in Iraq | |
| Coordinates: 35°11′11″N 45°58′26″E / 35.18639°N 45.97389°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Governorate | Halabja |
| Established | 1650 BC |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Nuxsha Nasih |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 900 m (3,000 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 145,700[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 |
 | |
Halabja (Kurdish: ھەڵەبجە, romanized: Helebce, Arabic: حلبجة[2]) is a city in northeast Iraq and the capital of Halabja Governorate, located about 240 km (150 mi) northeast of Baghdad and 14 km (9 mi) from the Iranian border.
The city lies at the base of what is often called the greater Hewraman region, stretching across the Iran-Iraq border. Halabja is surrounded by Hawraman and the Shnrwe range in the northeast, the Balambo range in the south and the Sirwan river in the west. Kurds in the city of Halabja mostly speak the Sorani dialect of Kurdish, but some residents of the surrounding villages speak the Gorani dialect.
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]The history of Halabja is believed to have started during the Akkadian Empire period (24th century BC). The ancient city-kingdom of Lullubi from that period is thought to be located in the Halabja area. The excavations at nearby archaeological sites like Bakr Awa revealed a long history. The cemetery there includes the tombs of several historical figures, such as Ahmed Mukhtar Jaff, Tayar Bag Jaff and Adila Khanim. In August 2009, three 17th century tombs were discovered in the Ababile district of the town.[3]
This suggests that the town is somewhat older than indicated by some sources, which claim that it was built by the Ottoman Empire at about 1850.[attribution needed] However, modern developments date from the early 20th century. The post office opened in 1924 and the first school opened the following year. The Qaysari Pasha and Hamid Beg bazaars were built in 1932. Electricity did not reach the city until 1940.[4]
At the beginning of the 20th century, many British soldiers were stationed in Halabja. During World War I, Adela Khanum saved the lives of several British soldiers, resulting in the British honoring her with the title Khan Bahadur, Princess of the Brave. She also oversaw the construction of a prison, a court of justice (of which she was the president) and a bazaar.[5]
During the Al-Anfal campaign of the Iraqi government, which took place between March 1987 and May 1989, the neighborhoods Kani Ashqan and Mordana were erased as a reprisal for their support of the Kurdish Peshmerga rebels.[6] But Halabja suffered much more during the campaign, in which Saddam Hussein violently suppressed Kurdish revolts during the Iran–Iraq War.
Chemical attack
[edit]Attack on Halabja (16 March 1988)
[edit]On 16 March 1988, during the final phase of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi government forces carried out a large-scale chemical-weapons assault on the Kurdish town of Halabja in northern Iraq.[7] In the immediate lead-up, the town had been briefly captured by Kurdish Peshmerga fighters, supported by Iranian units, prompting a rapid Iraqi counter-attack.[8]
Iraqi forces used artillery and aerial bombardment, followed by the deployment of chemical agents, which proved the most devastating element of the attack.[9] Estimates of immediate civilian deaths range from approximately 3,200 to 5,000, with several thousand more wounded or suffering long-term health effects.[10] The attack is widely attributed to the Iraqi government under President Saddam Hussein, and is often linked to the broader Anfal campaign targeting the Kurdish population.[11]
After-effects and legacy
[edit]Studies of survivors document serious long-term health, psychological and social consequences, including elevated rates of respiratory illness, cancer, disabilities and reduced quality of life.[10] In March 2010, the Iraqi courts officially recognized the Halabja attack as genocide against the Kurdish people.[8] The event remains a powerful symbol in the global campaign against chemical-weapons use and for Kurdish rights and recognition of past atrocities.
Kurdish autonomy
[edit]In the mountains to the east of Halabja, a militant Kurdish Islamist group, Ansar al-Islam, occupied a small enclave in the period of 2000–2003. The area was overrun by Peshmerga forces from the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), with U.S. air support, at the beginning of the 2003 US invasion of Iraq. The town has remained a center of Islamism in the Kurdistan Region, however.[citation needed]
Just before Kurds gained some autonomy over the Iraqi Kurdistan region in 1991, which included Halabja, a new town was set up where some former Kurdish refugees later relocated. The new town called Halabja Taza (or New Halabja) today has an estimated 9,000 homes.[12]
The Kurdistan Regional Government made some concentrated reconstruction efforts after 2003 in the old town and began rebuilding some of the bombed-out homes in Halabja and paving new roads. A memorial was also constructed for the victims of the chemical attacks. However, residents of Halabja have complained about the continued lack of basic services and necessities.[13]
On the 2006 anniversary of the gas attack, violent demonstrations erupted in Halabja. An estimated 7,000 demonstrators protested against priorities in reconstruction, claiming that officials were not sincerely addressing the problems of the gas attack victims. Roadblocks were set up and the gas attack memorial museum was set afire. Police fired at protesters killing one 14-year-old boy and wounding many others.[14]
Modern times
[edit]In 2008, plans were announced to construct an international airport for the city.[15]
On 12 November 2017 at 21:18 local time, an earthquake struck approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) south-southwest of Halabja.[16]
On 14 April 2025, the Iraqi Parliament named Halabja the 19th province of Iraq.[17]
Climate
[edit]Halabja has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with very hot summers and cool wet winters.
| Climate data for Halabja | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
35.0 (95.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 144 (5.7) |
146 (5.7) |
132 (5.2) |
85 (3.3) |
35 (1.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
28 (1.1) |
79 (3.1) |
124 (4.9) |
773 (30.4) |
| Source: [18] | |||||||||||||
Topography
[edit]Halabja is located in the Shahrizor plain, a fertile valley nestled in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The city's elevation is around 700 meters above sea level. The surrounding area is characterized by mountainous terrain, with the Hawraman Mountain range to the east, which plays a significant role in the city's climate and geography. The region's topography includes rolling hills and valleys, making it ideal for agriculture, particularly in the fertile plains. [19]
Twin Towns-Sister Cities
[edit]
See also
[edit]- Dujail
- Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
- Operation Red Dawn
- Trial of Saddam Hussein
- Anfal Campaign
References
[edit]- ^ "Ḩalabjah - to view map". www.geonames.org.
- ^ نت, صلاح حسن بابان-الجزيرة. "أشلاء المدنيين دفنت في حفر كبيرة.. يوم قصفت حلبجة العراقية بالأسلحة الكيميائية". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ "Ancient tombs found in Halabja". AK News. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
- ^ "History of Halabja". PUK media. 16 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
- ^ "Adela Khanum – Princess of the Brave". Kurdistan's Women. 4 April 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
- ^ Committee, Human Rights Watch Middle East Watch; Staff, Middle East Watch; Black, George; Watch (Organization), Middle East (1993). Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. Human Rights Watch. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-56432-108-4.
- ^ "Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. pp. 98–105. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
- ^ a b "Halabja, Chemical Weapons and the Genocide Against the Kurds". Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
- ^ "Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. pp. 100–104. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
- ^ a b "Health perspectives among Halabja's civilian survivors of chemical warfare exposure". PMC 6588230. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "The Kurdish Genocide" (PDF). European Parliament. pp. 4–6. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
- ^ Dagher, Sam. Uprooted for Decades, Iraqi Kurds Long for Home. Halabja Taza Journal. NY Times, 3 September 2009
- ^ "Mohammad, Susan. Revisiting the horror of Halabja. The Ottawa Citizen, 22 October 2007". canada.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009.
- ^ "BBC NEWS – Middle East – Kurdish clash at Halabja memorial". bbc.co.uk. 16 March 2006.
- ^ "International Airport to be built in Halabja town ( K Sat)". Independent Kurdistan Journalism. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
- ^ "M 7.3 - 30km SW of Halabjah, Iraq". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ "Iraq declares Halabja, scene of Saddam's gas attack on Kurds, as 19th province".
- ^ "Climate statistics for Halabja". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
- ^ Tuncer, Bülent (2013). Geographical Features of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Erbil: Kurdish Studies. p. 112.
- ^ "Halabja, Guernica set to become sister cities". Kurdistan 24. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Halabja at Wikimedia Commons
35°11′N 45°59′E / 35.183°N 45.983°E
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