Fengning Manchu Autonomous County
Fengning County
丰宁县 ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ | |
|---|---|
| 丰宁满族自治县 ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | |
 Bashang meadows | |
  Fengning Location in Hebei | |
| Coordinates: 41°12′N 116°39′E / 41.200°N 116.650°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Prefecture-level city | Chengde |
| County seat | Dage |
| Area | |
• Total | 8,765 km2 (3,384 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 662 m (2,172 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
• Total | 326,353 |
| • Density | 37.23/km2 (96.43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 068300 |
| Area code | 0314 |
| Website | www |
| Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 丰宁满族自治县 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 豐寧滿族自治縣 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ | ||||||
| Möllendorff | feng ning manju uksura beye žhi siyan | ||||||
Fengning Manchu Autonomous County (Chinese: 丰宁满族自治县; Manchu: ᡶᡝᠩ ᠨᡳᠩ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡰᡥᡳ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ) is a Manchu autonomous county of northern Hebei province, bordering Beijing to the southwest and Inner Mongolia to the north, and lying under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengde.
It is the second-largest county of Hebei in terms of area, after the neighbouring Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County.
History
[edit]Fossils from the Jinfengopteryx, a genus of dinosaur, were discovered in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2] Other dinosaur fossils discovered in the autonomous county include one belonging to the ceratopsia suborder, and one of a stegosaurus,[2] which both date back to approximately 130,000 million years ago.[3] The area belonged to the wider Jehol Biota ecosystem.[2]
Evidence suggests of human activity in the area of present-day Fengning Manchu Autonomous County dates back to approximately 30,000 to 50,000 years ago.[2] Archaeological sites from the Hongshan culture and the Shanrong have been found in the autonomous county.[2]
Qing dynasty
[edit]In 1735, the 13th year of the Yongzheng Emperor's, the Siqi Subprefecture (simplified Chinese: 四旗厅; traditional Chinese: 四旗廳; pinyin: Sìqí Tīng) was established in the area.[2] In 1778, the area was reorganized as Fengning County (simplified Chinese: 丰宁县; traditional Chinese: 豐寧縣; pinyin: Fēngníng Xiàn).[2]
People's Republic of China
[edit]In 1987, the State Council approve re-designating Fengning County as Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2]
Geography
[edit]Fengning Manchu Autonomous County is bordered by Beijing to the south and Inner Mongolia to the north.[2] The autonomous county is located at the northern edge of the Yan Mountains, and the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia Plateau.[2]
The Chao River, a tributary of the Chaobai River, and the Luan River both originate within the autonomous county.[2]
The autonomous county is covered by 8.81 million mu of forest, 58.53% of its total area.[2]
Geology
[edit]Fossil-bearing rocks of the Mesozoic Huajiying Formation and/or Yixian Formation occur on the surface. The prehistoric bird Paraprotopteryx was found in such a deposit.
Climate
[edit]Fengning has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with long, very cold and dry winters, and hot, humid summers, and the elevation depresses temperatures. The monthly 24-hour mean temperature in January is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F), and in July it is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F), while the annual mean is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F). More than half of the annual precipitation occurs in July and August alone.
| Climate data for Fengning, elevation 735 m (2,411 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.6 (99.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
29.3 (84.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
14.9 (58.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.2 (13.6) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
9.7 (49.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
7.3 (45.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.0 (3.2) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
1.0 (33.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.4 (−17.3) |
−28.5 (−19.3) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−26.8 (−16.2) |
−28.5 (−19.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.9 (0.04) |
3.4 (0.13) |
6.8 (0.27) |
19.8 (0.78) |
40.8 (1.61) |
84.2 (3.31) |
129.5 (5.10) |
85.6 (3.37) |
58.5 (2.30) |
22.5 (0.89) |
8.6 (0.34) |
1.5 (0.06) |
462.1 (18.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 12.7 | 14.0 | 10.8 | 9.3 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 76 |
| Average snowy days | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 17.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 45 | 42 | 39 | 40 | 45 | 60 | 72 | 72 | 67 | 58 | 53 | 49 | 54 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 207.7 | 208.6 | 246.4 | 252.3 | 277.5 | 242.0 | 228.3 | 236.8 | 230.4 | 226.6 | 198.0 | 195.4 | 2,750 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 70 | 69 | 66 | 63 | 62 | 54 | 50 | 56 | 62 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 63 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[4][5] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[6] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
[edit]The county has 1 subdistrict, 11 towns and 15 townships under its administration.[7] These township-level divisions then, in turn, administer 309 village-level divisions.[2]
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Subdistrict:
Towns: |
Townships:
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Demographics
[edit]Per government sources, Fengning Manchu Autonomous County has an urbanization rate of 24.35%.[2]
Ethnic groups
[edit]There are 35 different government-recognized ethnic groups living in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2] Approximately 266,400 residents are ethnically Manchu (66.56% of the total population).[2] The next largest ethnic group are the Han Chinese, which number about 106,800 (26.69%).[2] Other major ethnic groups in the autonomous county include the Hui and the Mongols.[2]
Economy
[edit]
The county draws in many tourists as the Bashang Grasslands in the far north of the county is the nearest grasslands to Beijing.[8] The cultivation of a local tourism is part of a broader regional development policy to support tourism as a primary industry in the Chengde area due to the environmentally friendly character of the industry going well with the goal of preserving the Chengde area's pristine environment, especially compared to the pollution problems besetting the rest of Hebei and also Beijing and Tianjin.[8]
The county's primary tourist attraction are the horse ranches in the Datan grassland. Other highlights are the Dahan Palace of Genghis Khan and the Baiyun Ancient Cave.[8] The height of the tourism season is in July and August when there are bonfire festivities filled with ethnic songs and dances, roasted whole lamb, and staged traditional sporting events like wrestling and archery.[8]
Significant deposits of molybdenum have been found in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County.[2]
Culture
[edit]The Manchu people of Fengning Manchu Autonomous County have a distinct style of papercutting, which is included in China's National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.[2]
Transport
[edit]Both China National Highway 111 and 112 pass through the county, with the former providing direct access to Beijing. The Zhangjiakou–Chengde Expressway, a segment of the G95 Capital Area Loop Expressway, also runs through the autonomous county.[2]
The autonomous county is served by two railroads: the Duolun–Fengning railway, which runs from Fengning Manchu Autonomous County to Duolun County in Inner Mongolia, and the Tangshan–Baotou railway.[2]
Notable people
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ ""承德市第七次全国人口普查主要数据情况"新闻发布会文字实录" (in Chinese). Government of Chengde. 2021-05-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w 丰宁概况 [Fengning Overview]. fengning.gov.cn (in Chinese). Fengning Manchu Autonomous County People's Government. Archived from the original on 2025-09-08. Retrieved 2025-10-17.
- ^ "Dinosaur fossils dating back 130m years found in China's Hebei". The Standard. 2023-09-09. Archived from the original on 2025-10-18. Retrieved 2025-10-18.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ 丰宁 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- ^ 2022年统计用区划代码（丰宁满族自治县） [2022 Statistical Division Codes (Fengning Manchu Autonomous County)] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2025-10-18.
- ^ a b c d "Peace and action go hand in hand". China Daily. July 20, 2016.
External links
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| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
