Jump to content

Cholera

Edit links
From Wikipedia
cholera
infectious disease
Has causeVibrio cholerae Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases, emergency medicine Edit
Medical examinationphysical examination, microbiological culture, complete blood count, rapid diagnostic test, polymerase chain reaction Edit
Possible treatmentoral rehydration therapy, intravenous fluid replacement, Antibiotics and Chemotherapy, vaccine Edit
Disease transmission processfood-borne transmission, fecal–oral route, water-borne transmission Edit
ICD-9-CM001.0, 001, 001.9 Edit
Subject named asCholera Edit

Cholera be an infection of de small intestine by sam strains of de bacterium Vibrio cholerae.[1][2] Symptoms fi range from none, to mild, to severe.[2] De classic symptom be large amounts of watery diarrhea wey dey last a few days.[3] Vomiting den muscle cramps sanso fi occur.[2] Diarrhea fi be so severe wey e dey lead within hours to severe dehydration den electrolyte imbalance.[3] Dis fi in turn result in sunken eyes, cold anaa cyanotic[4] skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of de hands den feet, den, in severe cases, death.[5] Symptoms dey start two hours to five days after exposure.[2]

Cholera be caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, plus sam types wey dey produce more severe disease dan odas.[3] E be spread mostly by unsafe water den unsafe chow wey be contaminated plus human feces wey dey contain de bacteria.[3] Undercooked shellfish be a common source.[6] Humans be de only known host give fe bacteria.[3] Risk factors for de disease dey include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, den poverty.[3] Cholera fi be diagnosed by a stool test,[3] anaa a rapid dipstick test, although de dipstick test be less accurate.[7]

Prevention methods against cholera dey include improved sanitation den access to clean water.[5] Cholera vaccines wey dem dey give by mouth dey provide reasonable protection for about six months, den confer de added benefit of protecting against anoda type of diarrhea wey E. coli cause.[8][9] Insyd 2017, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine dem call Vaxchora give adults aged 18–64 wey dey travel to an area of active cholera transmission.[10] E dey offer limited protection to young kiddies. People wey survive an episode of cholera get long-lasting immunity for at least three years (de period dem test).[11]

De primary treatment give affected individuals be oral rehydration salts (ORS), de replacement of fluids den electrolytes by using slightly sweet den salty solutions.[3] Rice-based solutions be preferred.[3] Insyd kiddies, na dem sanso find zinc supplementation to improve outcomes.[12] Insyd severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, fi be required, den antibiotics fi be beneficial.[3] De choice of antibiotic be aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing.[2]

Cholera dey continue to affect an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide den dey cause 28,800–130,000 deaths a year.[3][13] To date, seven cholera pandemics occur, plus de most recent dey begin insyd 1961, den dey continue today.[14] De illness be rare insyd high-income countries, wey e dey affect kiddies most severely.[3][15] Cholera dey occur as both outbreaks den chronically insyd certain areas. Areas plus an ongoing risk of disease dey include Africa den Southeast Asia.[3] De risk of death among those wey be affected usually be less dan 5%, dem give improved treatment, buh fi be as high as 50% widout such access to treatment.[3] Na dem find descriptions of cholera as early as de 5th century BCE insyd Sanskrit literature.[5] Insyd Europe, na dem initially use cholera as a term to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, wey na dem no use am give dis disease til de early 19th century.[16] Na de study of cholera insyd England by John Snow between 1849 den 1854 lead to significant advances insyd de field of epidemiology secof ein insights about transmission via contaminated water, wey na a map of de same be de first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.[5][17]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Finkelstein, Richard A. (1996). "Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios". In Baron, Samuel (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. PMID 21413330. NCBIBook2 NBK8407.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 6 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 85 (13): 117–28. March 2010. PMID 20349546. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015.
  4. ↑ Bailey, Diane (2011). Cholera (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB (June 2012). "Cholera". The Lancet. 379 (9835): 2466–2476. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x. PMC 3761070. PMID 22748592.
  6. ↑ "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Diagnosis and Detection". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Clemens, John D.; Sack, David A.; Harris, Jeffrey R.; Chakraborty, J.; Neogy, P. K.; Stanton, B.; Huda, N.; Khan, M. U.; Kay, Bradford A.; Khan, M. R.; Ansaruzzaman, M.; Yunus, M.; Raghava Rao, M.; Svennerholm, Ann-Mari; Holmgren, Jan (1 August 1988). "Cross-Protection by B Subunit-Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine Against Diarrhea Associated with Heat-Labile Toxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a Large-Scale Field Trial". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 158 (2): 372–377. doi:10.1093/infdis/158.2.372. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 3042876.
  9. ↑ Xian, Tew Hui; Parasuraman, Subramani; Ravichandran, Manickam; Prabhakaran, Guruswamy (16 December 2022). "Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB/c Mice". Vaccines (in English). 10 (12): 2161. doi:10.3390/vaccines10122161. PMC 9787504. PMID 36560571.
  10. ↑ "Cholera Fact Sheet". www.health.ny.gov. 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  11. ↑ Harris, Jason B (15 November 2018). "Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development". J Infect Dis. 218 (Suppl 3): S141 – S146. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy414. PMC 6188552. PMID 30184117.
  12. ↑ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  13. ↑ Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kulikoff, Xie Rachel (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  14. ↑ "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  15. ↑ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  16. ↑ Charles E. Rosenberg (2009). The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-226-72676-2. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015.
  17. ↑ Timmreck, Thomas C. (2002). An introduction to epidemiology (3. ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&oldid=81554"